Traffic collision avoidance system
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The Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to prevent mid-air collisions and is mandated for aircraft over 5,700 kg. It operates by building a 3D airspace map using interrogation and response from transponders, issuing threat advisories (TA) and resolution advisories (RA) when necessary. TCAS can be classified into two types based on passenger capacity, and pilots are required to follow RA maneuvers, which may override ATC instructions.
Traffic collision avoidance system
- 1. TRAFFIC COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM TCAS Augustine k Jose Karunya university
- 2. What is TCAS TCAS, and pronounced tee-kas) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collisions between aircraft. International Civil Aviation Organization to be fitted to all aircraft with a maximum take-off mass (MTOM) of over 5,700 kg .
- 3. Structure
- 4. OPERATION It uses transponder mode c and mode s. Interrogates 1030 MHZ Receives reply via 1090 MHZ. This interrogation-and-response cycle may occur several times per second. The TCAS builds a 3d map of airspace near aircraft , incorporating their range (garnered from the interrogation and response round trip time), altitude (as reported by the interrogated aircraft), and bearing (by the directional antenna from the response).
- 6. 2 types of alerts: TA which is a threat advisory that alerts the pilot that another aircraft is close enough to be a potential threat RA is a resolution advisory that means the other aircraft IS a threat (30 seconds to a possible collision) and issues commands to evade a collision.
- 7. 7 TCAS Basics TCAS I - Aircraft with 10 to 30 seats Traffic Advisory Only TCAS II - Aircraft with more than 30 passenger Traffic Advisory Resolution Advisory Mode S – Detailed flight parameter information ATC Ground Based Radars Other Mode S equipped aircraft Provides coordinated RAs
- 8. 8 Traffic Advisory A TA indicates that an aircraft is a potential threat RA may be necessary w/in, approx, the next 25 sec most commonly displayed as a yellow circle
- 9. 9 Resolution Advisory An RA indicates that an aircraft Is a threat displayed as a red square accompanied by a recommended vertical maneuver.
- 10. TCAS on a Radar Display Textbook page 148
- 11. TCAS on Vertical Speed Indicator
- 12. TCAS on Vertical Speed Indicator The red arc indicates the area to avoid, the pilot always shoots for the green arc. In this example, the airplane is descending at about 3000 feet per minute. Textbook page 149
- 13. TCAS on an EFIS screen Textbook page 149
- 14. 14 AFI 11-202 Vol 3 Response to TCAS Alerts. If a TCAS RA requires maneuvering contrary to ATC instructions, right- of-way rules, cloud clearance requirements, or other VFR/IFR flight rules, pilots are expected to follow the TCAS RA.
- 15. 15 Ten Fundamental Dos and Don’ts 1. TCAS must be operated in RA mode to provide full safety benefit 2. Pilots must follow all RAs promptly and accurately 3. Pilots must never maneuver in the opposite sense of an RA 4. Pilots must report RAs to controllers as soon as possible 5. Controllers must not interfere with pilots’ reactions to RAs 6. Vertical speed must be reduced in response to “Adjust Vert Spd” 7. TCAS traffic displays must not be used for self-separation 8. Vertical speed must be reduced when approaching cleared FL 9. VFR pilots must operate their altitude reporting transponder 10. Pilots and controllers must be recurrently trained on TCAS ops