Translation strategy
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The document discusses various translation strategies used by translators. It describes global translation strategies that determine how close a translation is to the original text, including word-for-word, literal, faithful, and semantic translations. It also discusses local translation strategies at the word or phrase level, such as direct strategies like literal translation and indirect strategies like equivalence translation, shifts in grammar or viewpoint, and componential analysis to describe concepts. The strategies aim to balance accurate meaning with natural language in the target text culture and language.
Translation strategy
- 1. Group 3 Rahmanul Ajiss 10321254 Niken Nabella 11321158 Siti purwaningsih 11321159 Beny Rizal
- 2. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES Strategy used by (professional) translator for dealing with various types of text especially for non equivalent word/term. Peter Newmark. 1988. A Textbook of Translation New York: Prentice Hall
- 3. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 1. Global Translation Strategy (translation method) The overall strategy you apply to a text as a whole – the primary choice you have to make here is how close to the source text you want your target text to be. 2. Local Translation Strategy (translation procedure):
- 5. I. ST/SL FOCUS (Imitative Translation) includes: 1) word-for-word translation preservation of word order and as literal translation as possible of individual words, including cultural words. 2) literal translation apart from as literal as possible translation of individual words, grammatical structures are converted into the nearest target language equivalents. Example : ST : I am going nowhere. TT : Aku sedang pergi tidak kemana-mana (word-for- word translation)
- 6. 3) faithful translation stays, if possible, within the constraints of the grammatical structures of the target text, but draws on certain contextual factors. 4) semantic translation more emphasis on naturalness than in faithful translation, and translation of certain cultural words into neutral equivalents in the TL. Example : ST : He is a bookworm TT : Dia adalah seorang kutu buku (faithful transtlation) Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali membaca (semantic translation)
- 7. II. TT/TL focus (functional communication) includes: 1) Adaptation translation The freest form of translation and more of a target language/culture based interpretation of the source text than a translation as such, this is sometimes called document design. Example : Cinderella story was adapted into Bawang Merah Bawang Putih. The story was adapted by adjusting the cultural of the reader.
- 8. 2) Free translation Focuses on the content of the target text rather than the form, which means that the same content is expressed in the target text but with very different grammatical structures. Example : (ST) Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking can accept it if he wishes although he may be thousands of miles. (TT) Alat komunikasi modem sangat pesat dimana seorang pembeli dapat menemukan berapa harga yang diminta oleh seorang penjual seperti yang diharapkannya meskipun
- 9. 3) idiomatic translation makes use of idioms and colloquialisms that are not present in the source text. Example : (ST) The rain likes cat and dog (TT) Hujan deras. 4) communicative translation aims at reproducing the exact message of the source text content-wise and context-wise but with emphasis on naturalness and acceptability/comprehensiveness to the target text readership. Example : (ST) I would admit that I am wrong. (TT) Saya mengaku salah.
- 10. Local Translation Strategies • Literal Translation • Transference • Translation Loan • Naturalization Direct Procedure • Equivalence • Shifts Indirect procedure
- 11. I. Direct procedures 1. Literal translation is ideally the segmentation of the SLT into individual words and TL rendering of those word-segmentations one at a time (word-for- word translation). e.g. : new = baru car = mobil new car = mobil baru
- 12. 2. Transference translation is the process of transferring a SL word into a TL text by adjusting the word pronunciation. e.g. : process = proses computer = komputer staff = staf 3. Translation loan is transferring the SL into TL word literally. e.g. : status quo= status quo (keadaan yang sekarang) balanced budget= balanced budget (anggaran berimbang)
- 13. 4. Naturalization basically transference in which you apply target language spelling and morphology (and pronunciation) to the expression or word in question. e.g. : data=data target=target total=total
- 14. II. Indirect procedures 1. Equivalence focus on equivalence in meaning in the perspective of the reader of the target text – this means that you may sacrifice equivalent in form, or you may have to choose something which is not exactly the same thing as in the source text, but the closest in the target language.
- 15. Equivalence is divided into: a. Cultural equivalent b. Functional equivalent c. Descriptive equivalent d. (Near) synonymy e. Reduction f. Amplication g. Compensation
- 16. a. Cultural equivalent translating a culturally rooted word in the source text/language with a roughly equivalent culturally rooted word of the target language/text. e.g. : SL : Next week, the Attorney General , Andi Ghalib will visit switserland. TL : Minggudepa n, Jaksa Agung, Andi Ghalib akan berkunjung ke Swiss
- 17. b. Functional equivalent translating a word in the source language/text with a functionally equivalent target language word (i.e. a word which has the same meaning). e.g.: cutter = pisau c. Descriptive equivalent translating a source language/text word using a description of the concept it refers to in the target language. e.g. : SL: The girl is dancing with great fluidity and grace.
- 18. d. (Near) synonymy translating a source language/text word or expression with a target language expression that is nearly. e.g. : SL : What a cute baby you’ve got. TL : Alangkah lucunya bayi anda . e. Reduction/expansion adding or removing elements in translation.
- 19. f. Amplication explanation of meaning in target text e.g. : SL :“Tetapi bagaimana si Dora?” “dia sudah terima itu cincin?” TL : “but what about Dora ?” I asked to my friend, “Did she get the ring?” g. Compensation making up for the loss of something in the source text, by adding something else in the target text. e.g. : a pair of scissors = sebuah gunting
- 20. 2. Shifts a. Transposition translation of a source language/text expression into a target language expression which involves change in grammatical structure or in word class. e.g. : (SL) Musical instruments can be divided into two basic groups. (TL) Alat musik dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dasar.
- 21. b. Modulation change of viewpoint or substantial conceptual concept in the translation, for instance, using the name of a category for a specific member of the category, using a part for the whole (and vice versa), active for passive, changing polarity etc. e.g. : (SL) You are going to have a child. (TL) Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak. (SL) I cut my finger. (TL) Jariku terpotong, not, Saya
- 22. c. Componential analysis This strategy is similar to the descriptive strategy, the difference is when the descriptive strategy used to translate the word that has relation with a culture, but the componential analysis used common words. e.g. : (SL) The girl is dancing with great fluidity and grace. (TL) Gadis itu menari dengan luwesnya.