TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
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Transportation planning involves preparing for the movement of people and goods by identifying transportation needs, defining systems, and considering efficiency, quality, and equity. It uses several models and studies - including trip generation, distribution, modal split, and traffic assignment - to understand existing and future travel demand and develop an optimal transportation network. Common transportation studies in the planning process are origin-destination studies, traffic volume studies, speed studies, and parking studies, which provide key data for planning decisions.
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
- 2. Transportation Planning • Transportation planning is a preparation planning to move/transfer human, animal or other item to some place to another place. This planning will related to the operation of the highway system, geometry, and operation of traffic facilities
- 3. FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING • To identify highway system component • To define transportation planning • To recall the process and purpose of construction planning design • To identify 4 models of transportation
- 4. IMPORTANT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING • Efficiency – to achieve efficient management and better management of existing resources Effective use of transportation system Uses of technology Land use and resource controlling • Quality To reduce a negative impact to the traffic that produce a pollution • Equity to meet travel demand and response for all communities
- 5. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD Short Term (Action Plan) • review matters that can be completed within three years and involve high costs. • Example: program an engineers to optimize the use of existing transportation systems by installing various traffic control devices such as signs and signals
- 6. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PERIOD Long Term ( ≥ 5 years) • This type of planning is more structured and complicated and it must be designed better than short term planning • urban transportation planning process involves planning the next 20 to 25 year
- 7. CHARACTERISTIC OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING • determine the transportation needs • make/built a transportation formulas • study the profitability • traffic/travel pattern is clear, stable and can be control • Relationship between the various modes of transport. • The transportation system can influence the development for that area and ready to serve it.
- 8. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ELEMENT PLANNING PROCESS • Studied/Research stage research and analysis that shows the current demand and the relationship of movement with the and environmental demands • Forecast stage formulating the plan, predict future travel demand and make a recommendation to fulfill traffic demand. MONITORING AND • The evaluation stage REVIEW to assess whether the proposals made satisfactory demand and provide maximum benefit to the community IMPLEMENTATION
- 9. PLANNING PROCESS • Situation definition • Problem definition • Search for solution • Analysis of performance • Evaluation of alternative • Choice of project • Specification and construction
- 10. 1. Situation definition Involve all of the activities required to understand the situation that gave rise to the perceived need for a transportation improvement. Information about surrounding area, its people and their travel habits may be obtained. 2. Problem definition To describe the problem in term of objectives to be accomplished by the project. Objectives are statements of purpose such as to reduce traffic congestion, to improve safety etc. 3. Search for solution Consideration is given to variety of ideas, design, location, and system configuration that might provide solution to the problem. 4. Analysis of performance To estimate how each of the proposed alternatives would perform under present and future conditions 5. Evaluation of alternative To determine how well each alternative will be achieve the objectives of the project 6. Choice of project Made after considering all the factors involved. 7. Specification and Once the transportation project has been selected, the construction project move into the detailed design phase which each of the components of the facilities is specified
- 11. Inventory transportation facilities Situation definition Measure travel pattern Review prior studies Problem definition Define objective ~Reduce travel time Search for solution Consider option ~Location and type ~Toll charge Analysis of performance For each option, determine ~Cost ~Traffic flow ~Impact
- 12. Evaluation of alternative For bridge project, determine ~Benefit vs. cost ~Profitability ~Cost-effectiveness Consider factors involved Choice of project ~Revenue cost forecast ~Site location ~Political judgment Specification and Design the bridge construction Contractor selection Transfer of completed bridge to authority for operation and maintenance
- 13. PLANNING PROCESS Inventory Land uses • include the establishment • required a detailed of the data for the assessment and forecasting evaluation of the in terms of distribution of existing travel area, population, demand and existing travel capacity employment, economic, social and land use • will involve 2 main task which is collecting and activities. processing data.
- 14. Trip generation Trip Distribution • The first model of travel • The second model travel demand used in demand used in transportation planning transportation planning process. process. • Used to predict which zone • To get a travel/traffic the traffic will flow. pattern (in/out) in a zone • Shows the total traffic in certain time, distance and cost
- 15. Modal Split Traffic Assignment • to estimate the number • Intended to give a traffic of trips by different types direction to which road in of transport road/transport network. • Limited to public and private transport only Assessment • contains the testing and evaluation of the alternatives selected before. • emphasis on the ability of the traffic and environmental impact of each alternative strategy • to choose and determine the best transportation system for future needs
- 16. Travel Demand Model Is the process of determining the number of trips that will begin or end in each traffic analysis zone within a study area. TRIP To develop a relationship between trip end production or attraction and land use. GENERATION To use the relationship to estimate the number of trips generated at some future date under a new set of land use condition. trip distribution is a process by which the trip generated in one zone are allocated to another zones in TRIP the study area. These trips may within the study area (internal – DISTRIBUTION internal) or between the study area and area outside the study area (internal – external) To get a travel/traffic pattern (in/out) in a zone
- 17. Travel Demand Model Modal Split is that aspect of the demand MODAL analysis process that determines the number (or percentages) of trips between zones. SPLIT Depends on factors such as the traveler’s income and the availability of transit service limited to public and private vehicles only The final step in the forecasting process To determine the actual street and highway TRAFFIC routes that will be used and the number of vehicles that can be expected on each highway ASSIGNMENT segment to give a traffic direction to which road in road/transport network
- 18. Purpose of Travel Demand Model • This process is important to be in transportation planning for: provide new transportation system improve the existing system build highways, transit systems and other • to determine the number of trips that will use the existing transportation system. trips taken in the form of vehicle / non-transport and private vehicles and public transport
- 19. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES IN PLANNING PROCESS • Origin and Destination study (O-D) • Traffic Volume Studies • Spot speed studies • Travel time and delay studies • Parking studies
- 20. Origin and Destination study (O-D) • To show the pattern and nature of daily trips made by the residents • The main purpose of O-D study is to plan the transportation in urban city especially the type of land use, road/traffic network and public transportation system.
- 21. Application of O-D data • Determine the traffic flow – if traffic congestion occurs, a short cut must be plan to give a comfortable travel to road user. • Determine whether the existing road system is adequate or not • Determine the suitable/best position of a bridge or new transport terminal to be constructed. • Built a transportation models to make sure the transportation planning will be more easier and also make a prediction about the traffic pattern in the future.
- 22. Traffic Volume Studies • To collect data on the number of vehicles / pedestrian that pass a point during a specified time period • To know whether the existing road can accommodate the vehicles that using a road. • ensure the smooth movement of vehicles and traffic safety
- 23. Application of traffic volume data • Design for road rehabilitation • Study the traffic at intersection • Study of traffic control systems • Forecast/predict traffic volumes • Study of traffic accidents • Analysis of costs - benefits for highway projects
- 24. Spot speed studies • Conducted to estimate the distribution of speeds of vehicles in a stream of traffic at particular location. • Carried out by recording the speed of a sample of vehicles at specific location • Will be valid only for the traffic and environmental conditions that exist at the time of study.
- 25. Application of spot speed data • Establish parameter for traffic operation such as speed zones, speed limits, and passing restriction • Evaluate the effectiveness of traffic control devices such as variable message sign at work zone. • Evaluate /determine the adequacy of highway geometric characteristic • Evaluate the effect of speed on highway • Determine speed trends.
- 26. Travel time and delay studies • A travel time study determines the amount of time required to travel from one point to another on a given route. • Information may also collected on the location, duration, and causes of delays. • data also aid the traffic engineer in identifying problems at the location.
- 27. Application of time & delay data • Determine the efficiency of a route with respect to its ability to carry traffic • Identification of locations with relatively high delay and the causes for those delay. • Determine the traffic times on specific link for use in trip assignment models • Performance of economic studied in the evaluation of traffic operation alternative that reduce travel time. • To evaluate the change in efficiency and level of service with time.
- 28. Parking studies • The need of parking spaces is usually very great in the areas where land uses including business, residential and commercial activities • Providing adequate parking space to meet the demand for parking in central parking district may affect the level of service.
- 29. Application of parking data • To get the valid information (before and latest) • To know whether it is adequate parking or not • To provide information needed to enable the implementation of payment by the parties involved.
- 30. General policy of transportation planning • social aspects improve the social aspects as can be done safely and comfortably • economic aspects with the existence variety of travel pattern, activities such as employment, population and household income will be increase. • physical aspects create an efficient transportation system because there are various modes of transportation introduced
- 31. • in an effort to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas, the following elements have been introduced capacity • widening access, traffic lights, sidewalks, traffic lights, parking (cars, motorcycles, bicycles) priority • priority to bus routes, truck, space is limited (pedestrian), parking restraint • access control, incentives to use public transport, car sharing, land- use policy.
- 32. The role of transport policy high quality urban transport impacts on the pattern of living, including : 1. affect / improve the productivity and economic growth 2. provide increased accessibility and influence and prices and land use 3. affect the standard of living 4. affect the environment in the city
- 34. • Write down 4 travel demand models in transportation planning. Tuliskan 4 model permintaan perjalanan dalam perancangan pengangkutan • Describe briefly one of the studies that undertaken in the planning process Jelaskan dengan ringkas salah satu kajian pengangkutan yang mesti dibuat dalam perancangan pengangkutan