Types of Argument and Toulmin Analysis
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The document outlines various methods for constructing arguments, including classical oration and Toulmin argumentation structured into cohesive formats. It elaborates on the components of the five-paragraph essay and presents examples of how to effectively formulate claims and support them with evidence, warrants, and backing. Additionally, it encourages applying these frameworks to recent events for practical argument development.
Types of Argument and Toulmin Analysis
- 2. The Five‐Paragraph Essay: • Intro: – Hook – Thesis – Roadmap (proof 1, proof 2, proof 3) • Body (3 paragraphs) • Conclusion 2
- 6. Weaknesses: • Shallowness • Lack of connec1on • Rigidity 6
- 10. The classical ora1on: • Exordium: hook, intro • Narra+o: background, facts, and context • Par++o: claim and roadmap
- 11. The classical ora1on: • Exordium: hook, intro • Narra+o: background, facts, and context • Par++o: claim and roadmap • Confirma+o: presenta1on of evidence
- 12. The classical ora1on: • Exordium: hook, intro • Narra+o: background, facts, and context • Par++o: claim and roadmap • Confirma+o: presenta1on of evidence • Refuta+o: counterarguments, alterna1ves
- 13. The classical ora1on: • Exordium: hook, intro • Narra+o: background, facts, and context • Par++o: claim and roadmap • Confirma+o: presenta1on of evidence • Refuta+o: counterarguments, alterna1ves • Perora+o: summary, conclusion
- 15. A modern version: • Intro: Hook, Qualifica1ons, Common Ground, Claim, Roadmap
- 16. A modern version: • Intro: Hook, Qualifica1ons, Common Ground, Claim, Roadmap • Background: Necessary facts, history, defini1ons, context, narra1ve, et cetera
- 17. A modern version: • Intro: Hook, Qualifica1ons, Common Ground, Claim, Roadmap • Background: Necessary facts, history, defini1ons, context, narra1ve, et cetera • Argument: Reasons (logos and occasionally pathos) in support of your claim
- 18. A modern version: • Intro: Hook, Qualifica1ons, Common Ground, Claim, Roadmap • Background: Necessary facts, history, defini1ons, context, narra1ve, et cetera • Argument: Reasons (logos and occasionally pathos) in support of your claim • Alterna1ves: Note and explain other perspec1ves, no1ng why yours is s1ll strongest
- 19. A modern version: • Intro: Hook, Qualifica1ons, Common Ground, Claim, Roadmap • Background: Necessary facts, history, defini1ons, context, narra1ve, et cetera • Argument: Reasons (logos and occasionally pathos) in support of your claim • Alterna1ves: Note and explain other perspec1ves, no1ng why yours is s1ll strongest • Conclusion: Summarizes, elaborates further implica1ons, perhaps proposal or pathos
- 21. The Toulmin Model: • Claims: controversial and debatable: answers the ques1on, “So what’s your point?”
- 22. The Toulmin Model: • Claims: controversial and debatable: answers the ques1on, “So what’s your point?” • Evidence/Reasons: Logos.
- 23. The Toulmin Model: • Claims: controversial and debatable: answers the ques1on, “So what’s your point?” • Evidence/Reasons: Logos. • Warrants: Logical bridge between the claim and the evidence.
- 24. The Toulmin Model: • Claims: controversial and debatable: answers the ques1on, “So what’s your point?” • Evidence/Reasons: Logos. • Warrants: Logical bridge between the claim and the evidence. • Backing: Further support for the arguments of the warrant itself.
- 25. The Toulmin Model: • Claims: controversial and debatable: answers the ques1on, “So what’s your point?” • Evidence/Reasons: Logos. • Warrants: Logical bridge between the claim and the evidence. • Backing: Further support for the arguments of the warrant itself. • Qualifiers: Limit the scope of the claim • Condi1ons of rebuQal: Counterarguments
- 26. Kelp is low in So, in It would be a healthy and calories and rich most nutritious addition to most in vitamins and cases, American diets. minerals Since Unless Most Americans are seeking to reduce their One is seeking to reduce calorie consumption and sodium in the diet / is worried increase their intake of about the effects of excess vitamins and minerals iodine on the thyroid / is actively As shown by: seeking to gain weight... The following respected authorities on nutrition and American eating habits... Find the following above: Claim • Evidence • Warrant • Qualifier • Backing • Conditions of Rebuttal 26
- 27. Kelp is low in So, in It would be a healthy and calories and rich most nutritious addition to most in vitamins and cases, American diets. minerals Since Most Americans are Unless Claim seeking to reduce their One is seeking to reduce calorie consumption and sodium in the diet / is worried increase their intake of about the effects of excess vitamins and minerals iodine on the thyroid / is actively As shown by: seeking to gain weight... The following respected authorities on nutrition and American eating habits... Find the following above: Claim • Evidence • Warrant • Qualifier • Backing • Conditions of Rebuttal 27
- 28. Kelp is low in Evidence So, in It would be a healthy and calories and rich most nutritious addition to most in vitamins and cases, American diets. minerals Since Unless Most Americans are seeking to reduce their One is seeking to reduce calorie consumption and sodium in the diet / is worried increase their intake of about the effects of excess vitamins and minerals iodine on the thyroid / is actively As shown by: seeking to gain weight... The following respected authorities on nutrition and American eating habits... Find the following above: Claim • Evidence • Warrant • Qualifier • Backing • Conditions of Rebuttal 28
- 29. Kelp is low in So, in It would be a healthy and calories and rich most nutritious addition to most in vitamins and cases, American diets. minerals Since Warrant Unless Most Americans are seeking to reduce their One is seeking to reduce calorie consumption and sodium in the diet / is worried increase their intake of about the effects of excess vitamins and minerals iodine on the thyroid / is actively As shown by: seeking to gain weight... The following respected authorities on nutrition and American eating habits... Find the following above: Claim • Evidence • Warrant • Qualifier • Backing • Conditions of Rebuttal 29
- 30. Kelp is low in So, in It would be a healthy and calories and rich most nutritious addition to most in vitamins and cases, American diets. minerals Since Unless Qualifier Most Americans are seeking to reduce their One is seeking to reduce calorie consumption and sodium in the diet / is worried increase their intake of about the effects of excess vitamins and minerals iodine on the thyroid / is actively As shown by: seeking to gain weight... The following respected authorities on nutrition and American eating habits... Find the following above: Claim • Evidence • Warrant • Qualifier • Backing • Conditions of Rebuttal 30
- 31. Kelp is low in So, in It would be a healthy and calories and rich most nutritious addition to most in vitamins and cases, American diets. minerals Since Unless Most Americans are seeking to reduce their One is seeking to reduce calorie consumption and sodium in the diet / is worried increase their intake of about the effects of excess vitamins and minerals iodine on the thyroid / is actively As shown by: seeking to gain weight... The following respected authorities on nutrition and American eating habits... Find the following above: Claim • Evidence • Warrant • Qualifier • Backing • Conditions of Backing Rebuttal 31
- 32. Kelp is low in So, in It would be a healthy and calories and rich most nutritious addition to most in vitamins and cases, American diets. minerals Since Unless Most Americans are Qal seeking to reduce their One is seeking to reduce bu f Re calorie consumption and sodium in the diet / is worried ns o increase their intake of about the effects of excess o ndi1 vitamins and minerals iodine on the thyroid / is actively As shown by: Co seeking to gain weight... The following respected authorities on nutrition and American eating habits... Find the following above: Claim • Evidence • Warrant • Qualifier • Backing • Conditions of Rebuttal 32
- 33. Give it a go: Formulate a full Toulmin argument about one of the following recent events. Remember that arguments can be complex and nuanced. Japan’s Fukushima plant has been forced to release 11,500 tons of radioac1ve water into the Pacific. Plant operators say the radia1on does not pose a threat. 33
- 34. Give it a go: Formulate a full Toulmin argument about one of the following recent events. Aier being fired from Two and a Half Men, Charlie Sheen planned a na1onwide “complaint tour” en1tled Charlie Sheen’s Violent Torpedo of Truth Defeat Is Not an Op+on Tour 2011. Sheen broke the Guinness World Record for “reaching 1 million TwiQer followers the fastest.” Most of the tour’s dates sold out within minutes. 34
- 35. Give it a go: Formulate a full Toulmin argument about one of the following recent events. Since Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolu1on saw the ouster of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali from power in January of 2011, several countries in the Middle East and North Africa have seen massive pro‐democracy protests. In Libya, Col. Muammar el‐Qaddafi responded with violence; in retalia1on, the United Na1ons established a no‐fly zone over several areas of the country, using airstrikes for enforcement. 35
Editor's Notes
- #2: Chs. 1 and 7 To start off, be sure you know what these things are. We’ll review them in here. \n
- #3: The high school model. A good start, but not complex enough. \n
- #4: Read over. Good: you know what the next paragraphs will be. How about the bad?\n
- #5: Any argument is surface-level. “These are three things I noticed.”\n
- #6: We have no idea how those three things affect eachother\n
- #7: What happens if you noticed 4? Or only one, but it’s big and complex? Or if you want to talk about the relationship between two of the three? \n
- #8: A model from ancient rhetorical practice. Warning: lots of Latin about to follow\n
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- #15: Here’s a slightly condensed version that gets employed more often\n
- #16: Not all these parts appear--we’ll talk more about the “roadmap” later on\n
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- #21: Who was this Toulmin guy? Formal vs. casual logic. We like him in English because his argumentation style is built out of language and discourse, instead of philosophical concepts.\n
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- #27: Read it through then give a second for viewers to spot the claim, ev, war, qual, back, rebuttal\n
- #28: Read it through then give a second for viewers to spot the claim, ev, war, qual, back, rebuttal\n
- #29: Read it through then give a second for viewers to spot the claim, ev, war, qual, back, rebuttal\n
- #30: Read it through then give a second for viewers to spot the claim, ev, war, qual, back, rebuttal\n
- #31: Read it through then give a second for viewers to spot the claim, ev, war, qual, back, rebuttal\n
- #32: Read it through then give a second for viewers to spot the claim, ev, war, qual, back, rebuttal\n
- #33: Read it through then give a second for viewers to spot the claim, ev, war, qual, back, rebuttal\n
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