Types of Deep Foundation

[DGCOAR/S3(2017-2022)/BMC/Mod 2/ Deep foundation/ Ar. Shefin Yoosaf T]
Module 2 :Deep Foundations
1
Building Materials and Construction-II
D.G COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Batch………………S3(2017-2022)
Subject…………….Building Materials and Construction - II
Staff in charge ……Ar. Shefin Yoosaf T, Ar. Pooja
Nov 2018

Classification based on materials
and composition
A. Concrete piles
B. Timber piles
C. Steel piles
D. Composite piles
2

A.Concrete piles
1. Precast 2. Cast in situ
– Driven piles :
– Cased
– Uncased
– Bored piles :
– Pressure piles
– Under reamed
piles
– Bored compaction
piles
3

A.CONCRETE PILES
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• CONCRETE PILES- Concrete piles are either precast or cast in situ.
1. PRECAST PILES
• Precast piles are cast and cured at the casting site and then
transported to the site for installation.
• These piles are adequately reinforced to with stand handling
stresses along with working stresses.
• Precast piles are normally suitable for short lengths.
• The piles are manufactured in the factory. Hence proper control can be
exercised over the composition and design of these piles.
• The position of reinforcement in the pile cannot be disturbed.
• Large numbers of piles are manufactured at a time in the factory or any
other place, cost of manufacturing will be less.

A.CONCRETE PILES
Disadvantages of Pre-
cast Piles:
 Limited in length
 Difficult to transport
 Not suitable for
densely built up area
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Advantages of Pre-
cast Piles:
 Very effective
 Simple quality
control
 Improves the entire
area

A. Concrete piles
2. Cast in situ
Cast in position inside the ground.
Driven piles :
• Driven piles are deep foundation elements driven to a design depth.
• These piles are driven into the ground by applying blows with a heavy
hammer on their tops.
• Timber, steel and precast concrete piles are installed by driving, which
may be driven into position either vertically or at an inclination.
• The piles are formed by driving a casing with a closed bottom end into
the soil.
• The casing is later filled with concrete.
• The casing may withdrawn, it is called uncased pile, and if not withdrawn,
it is called cased pile.

A. Concrete piles
2. Cast in situ
 DRIVEN PILES :
– Cased
Cased piles consist a shell around it and these piles when
casted in site are called cased cast-in-situ concrete piles.
i. Raymond Standard pile and step taper pile
ii. Mc Arthur cased pile
iii. Union metal monotube pile
iv. Swage Pile
v. Western button bottom pile

i) a)Raymond Standard pile
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• RAYMOND STANDARD CONCRETE PILE is used
primarily as a friction pipe.
• It is uniform heavy taper of 1in 30 result in short
piles for equal driving resistance or higher driving
resistance for equal lengths, than piles of lesser
or no taper.
• Length of piles varies from 6 to 12m & diameter
of piles vary from 40 to 60cm at top and 20 to 30
at bottom
• The shell is driven into the ground with a
collapsible steel core in it having the same
taper.

i) a)Raymond Standard pile
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• When the pile is driven to desired
depth the core(mandrel) is
mechanically collapsed and
withdrawn, leaving the shell inside
the ground.
• Shell is inspected internally by using
the flash or drop light.
• Shell is gradually filled with concrete
up to the top.

i) b) Raymond step taper pile
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• This type of core driven pile is used either as an end bearing or friction
pile.
• Can be driven in any type of soil.
• The pile uses shell section in different length. The bottom most section is
made of heavier gauge and enclosed with flat steel.
• Joints between the sections of shell are screwed and connected.
• Shell are driven with a rigid core, rigid core provides high degree of
penetration and efficiently transmit the hammer energy to the bearing
strata.
• The pile diameter increases at rate 2.5cm in each successive shell
section.
• Pile can be drawn up to maximum depth of about 36m.
• The method of forming piles is same as of standard pile.

ii) Mc Arthur cased pile
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• Mac Arthur piles generally in uniform diameter and shell is made of corrugated steel.
• But driving is done by the combination of steel casing of heavy gauge consisting
core.
• After driven to require depth, the core is removed and corrugated steel shell is
inserted in heavy gauge steel casing.
• Then, concrete is filled in the corrugated steel shell and outer hard casing is
removed.

iii) Union metal monotube pile
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• Union metal monotube piles consists only shell without any mandrel.
• The shell is made of steel and is tapered fluted(ridged).
• These types of piles are well suitable for most of the soil conditions that
is from end bearing to friction load carrying soils.
• The shell is more rigid and watertight and this shell can be driven to
larger depth using hammer. After driving, inspection is done and then
concrete is filled in the shell.

iv) Swage piles
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• Swage piles are widely used in case
of hard soils.
• Pre-cast concrete plug is attached
at bottom of shell to drive the pile
shell.
• Steel core is inserted in shell and
driven and the shell is forced round
the taper of the plug forming a
watertight joint.
• Next the whole arrangement is
driven into the ground to a required
depth.
• After reaching desired depth, core
is taken out and the pipe or shell is
filled with concrete.

v) Western Button Bottom Pile
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• The pile uses a concrete plug in the shape of button.
• These piles have been used up to lengths of about 23 m and for
loads up to 50 tonnes.
• In the 1st stage, a steel pipe with 12mm thick walls is set on the
concrete button. The concrete button has a diameter about
25mm larger than the pipe.

v) Western Button Bottom Pile
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• In the 2nd stage, the pipe and button are driven to a specified
depth.
• In the 3rd stage, a corrugated steel shell is inserted in the pipe
resting on the button.
• In the 4th stage, the casing is withdrawn leaving the button in
place and the shell is filled with concrete. Reinforcement may be
used if necessary.

A.Concrete piles
2. Cast in situ
 Driven piles :
– Un Cased
 Uncased cast in situ piles are used where the ground
does not disturb the pile hole with soil or water falling in it.
They are cheaper than the cased piles but not as much
as efficient than cased piles.
 Skilled workers are required to install uncased cast in situ
piles. The main disadvantage with these piles is no
inspection is possible after the installation.
• Simplex pile
• Franki pile
• Vibro pile
• Padestal Pile 17

i) Simplex Pile
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• Simplex pile is useful for both soft and hard soils.
• To obtain simplex pile, a steel tube with cast iron shoe is driven into the
ground up to desired depth.
• Reinforcement is provided in the tube and then filled it with concrete.
• Then, the tube is slowly removed and cast-iron shoe is left at the bottom.
• For each pile new cast iron shoe should be attached. To overcome this, cast
iron shoe with alligator jaw point is provided. Due to this jaw point, the shoe
can be removed along with tube. The soil must be able to hold fresh
concrete after removing tube.

ii) Franki Pile
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• A plug of dry concrete gravel is formed on the ground by heavy
removable pipe shell.
• A diesel operated drop hammer of 20 to 30 KN weight is driven on
the concrete plug.
• When the tube has reached the
desired depth, the tube is held
in position by cables and the
hammer is applied to the concrete
plug forcing it down and outward.

ii) Franki Pile
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• Successive layers of concrete is then laid and rammed, the tube is
withdrawn gradually about 300mm at a time.
• The pile diameter in Franki piles vary from 50cm to 60cm while the
enlarged base may have a diameter of about 90cm.
• The pile has a load carrying capacity of 60 to 90 tonnes.

ii) Franki Pile
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iii) Vibro Pile
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• These pile are used where the ground is soft, thus offering little frictional
resistance to the flow of concrete.
• A steel tube with a cast iron shoe is driven up to required depth. The tube is
connected with hammer.
• The tube is filled with concrete and it is extracted by a succession of upward
extracting and downward tamping blows.
• Standard vibro piles are made in size of 35,45 and 50cm diameter for loads of
60 to 70 tonnes.

iv) McArthur padestal pile
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• This type of pile are used where thin
bearing stratum is reached with
reasonable depth.
• The core and casing are driven
together into the ground till they reach
the desired level.
• The core is taken out and a charge of
concrete is placed in the tube.
• The core is again placed in the casing
to rest on the of poured concrete.
• Pressure is applied on the concrete
through the core and as the same
time the casing is withdrawn.
• The process is repeated till the casing
is completely removed.

A. Concrete piles
2. Cast in situ
– Bored piles :
These piles are formed by excavating a hole into the ground
and then filling it with concrete
– 3 types
I. Pressure piles
II. Under reamed piles
III. Bored compaction piles

i) Pressure Pile
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• These are formed with the help of a casing tube boring auger and
compressed air equipment.
• These piles are especially suitable for those congested sites where heavy
vibrations and noise are not permissible.

i) Pressure Pile
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• A hole is bored into the ground by means of an auger and as the boring
proceeds the hole is lined by a steel tube.
• When the tube reaches the required depth the boring tool is withdrawn.
• In the 2nd stage, a layer of concrete is laid and pressure cap is provided at
the top of the tube.
• The process is repeated till the pile is completed

ii) Under reamed piles
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• An under reamed is a cast-in-situ concrete pile having one or more bulbs or under-
reams in its lower portion.
• The bulbs or under-reams are formed by under reaming tool.
• The diameter of under reamed pile varies from 20cm to 50cm and that of bulb varies
from 2 to 3 times the diameter of pile.
• These piles are suited for expansive soils which are often subjected to considerable
ground movements due to seasonal moisture variations.
• Used for black cotton soil, filled up ground, and soil having poor SBC, sandy soil and
high water table.
• Economical than conventional strip footings
by 20%.
• Quantity of material required is less.
• Heavy excavation not required.

ii) Under reamed piles
28Single under-reamed pile Double under-reamed pile

iii) Bored compaction piles
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• Bored compaction piles are the modification of under-reamed pile.
• These piles are cast-in-situ piles which combine the advantages of both bored and
driven pile.
• The method of boring the piles and concreting the pile is the same as that for the
under-reamed pile, except that the reinforcement cage is not placed in the bore
hole before concreting. After the concreting is over, the reinforcement cage is
driven through the freshly laid concrete.

B. TIMBER PILE
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• Timber piles are made from tree trunks and are well seasoned, straight and free from
all defects.
• Timber piles are used where good bearing stratum is available at a relatively shallow
depth.
• Transmission of load takes place by the frictional resistance of ground and the pile
surface.
• Advantages of Timber Piles:
• Economical where timber is easily available.
• Can be driven rapidly & as such saves time.
• Disadvantages of Timber Piles:
• Liable to decay or deteriorate by salt water/insects.
• Low bearing capacity.

B. TIMBER PILE
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C. STEEL PILES
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• Steel piles are useful where driving conditions are difficult and other types of piles
are not suitable. Usually used for building and bridge foundations.
• They can be used for:
1. Foundation piles 2. Sheet piles 3. Superstructure columns
• i) Steel I and H Piles
 Steel H piles are similar to I-beam except that the cross-section is generally heavier
and the flange width and beam height is nearly the same.
• Ii) Box piles
 Have great lateral strength.
 Used to support steel structures where deep water , silt and sliding banks are present
• Iii) Tube or pipe piles
• Made of welded pipes

C. STEEL PILES
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• Advantages:
 High axial working capacity.
 Wide variety of sizes.
 Easy on- site modifications.
 Fairly easy to drive, minimal soil displacement, good penetration through hard
materials (with shoe).
 Disadvantages:
 High cost, difficulty in delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy driving.

D. COMPOSITE PILES
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• Piles of two different materials are driven one over the other, so
as to enable them to act together to perform the function of a
single pile.
• This type of composite pile is used with the object of achieving
economy in the cost of piling work.
• A pile which is made up of two materials like concrete and
timber or concrete and steel is called composite pile.
• Used in situations where a part of the pile is permanently under
water.
• The part of the pile which will be under water can be made of
untreated timber and the other part can be of concrete.

D. COMPOSITE PILES
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COFFERDAMS
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• Cofferdams may be defined as a temporary structure constructed in a river or a lake
or any other water bearing surface for excluding water form a given site to enable
the building operation to be performed on dry surface.

Caissons

• The caisson is a structure used for the purpose of placing a
foundation in correct position under water.
• The term caisson is derived from the French word caisse meaning a
box.
• It is a member with hollow portion, which after installing in place by
any means is filled with concrete or any other material.
• Constructed in connection with excavation for foundations of
bridges, piers, abutments in river and lake dock structure
• The caisson are preferred in sandy soils. The caissons can be
divided in the following three groups:
I. Box caissons
II. Open caissons or wells
III. Pneumatic caissons

I. Box caissons
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• A box caisson is a strong water tight vessel open at the top and closed at the bottom.
• They are generally built of timber, reinforced concrete or steel.
• This type of caisson is suitable where bearing stratum is available at shallow depth
and where loads are not very heavy.

II. Open caissons(Well foundation)
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• Open caissons are open at the top and bottom.
• They are used on sandy or soft bearing stratum and where no firm bed is available
for large depth below the surface.
• They are generally built of timber, metal, reinforced concrete or masonry.
• They form the most common types deep foundations for bridges in India.

III. Pneumatic caisson
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• This type of caisson is closed at top and open (during construction) at the bottom.
• This is useful at locations where it is not possible to adopt wells.
• They are suitable when the depth of water is more than 12 m.
• The water is excluded from the caisson chamber by means of compressed air

Timbering and trenching of
foundation
• When the depth of trench is large,
or when the sub-soil is loose, the
sides of the trench may cave in.
• The problem can be solved by
adopting a suitable method of
timbering.
• Timbering of trenches, sometimes
also known as shoring consists of
providing timber planks or boards
and struts to give temporary
support to the sides of the trench.

Assignment
45
27. Screw piles, disk piles and sand piles
28. Sheet piles and pile cap

Types of Deep Foundation

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