UKOUG 2019 - SQL features

1
Connor McDonald
bit.ly/techguysong

5
Stuff
youtube bit.ly/youtube-connor
blog connor-mcdonald.com
twitter @connor_mc_d
400+ posts mainly on database & development
300+ technical videos, new uploads every week
rants and raves on tech and the world :-)

6
etc...
facebook bit.ly/facebook-connor
linkedin bit.ly/linkedin-connor
instagram bit.ly/instagram-connor
slideshare bit.ly/slideshare-connor

27
"fine-grained to perform a single function"
"Each service is ... minimal, and complete"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microservices
select COUNT(*)
from PEOPLE
where GENDER = 'MALE'

31
"By abstracting the underlying implementation"
"describes the expected behaviour ...
but can have multiple implementations"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface
select NAME, STREET_NO, ZIP_CODE
from PEOPLE p,
ADDRESS a
where p.AGE > 50
and p.ADDRESS_ID = a.ADDRESS_ID;

41
this session is not about ...

44
SQL> with x( s, ind ) as
2 ( select sud, instr( sud, '.' )
3 from ( select replace(replace(
4 replace(replace(:board,'-'),'|'),' '),chr(10)) sud
5 from dual )
6 union all
7 select substr(s,1,ind-1)||z||substr(s,ind+1)
8 , instr(s,'.',ind+1)
9 from x
10 , ( select to_char( rownum ) z
11 from dual connect by rownum <= 9 ) z
12 where ind > 0
13 and not exists (
14 select null
15 from ( select rownum lp from dual
16 connect by rownum <= 9 )
17 where z = substr(s,trunc((ind-1)/9)*9+lp,1)

45
18 or z = substr(s,mod(ind-1,9)-8+lp*9,1)
19 or z = substr(s,mod(trunc((ind-1)/3),3)*3
20 +trunc((ind-1)/27)*27+lp
21 +trunc((lp-1)/3)*6,1)
22 )
23 ),
24 result as (
25 select s
26 from x
27 where ind = 0 )
28 select
29 regexp_replace(substr(s,(idx-1)*9+1,9),
30 '(...)(...)(...)',
31 '1|2|3')||
32 case when mod(idx,3)=0 then chr(10)||rpad('-',11,'-') end soln
33 from result,
34 ( select level idx
35 from dual
36 connect by level <= 9 )
Ack: Anton Scheffer,
https://technology.amis.nl

46
SQL> variable board varchar2(1000)
SQL> begin :board :=
2 '53.|.7.|...
3 6..|195|...
4 .98|...|.6.
5 -----------
6 8..|.61|..3
7 4..|8.3|..1
8 7..|.2.|..6
9 -----------
10 .6.|...|28.
11 ...|419|..5
12 ...|.8.|.79
13 ';
14 end;
5 3 7
6 1 9 5
9 8 6
8 6 1 3
4 8 3 1
7 2 6
6 2 8
4 1 9 5
8 7 9

47
SOLUTION
-----------
534|678|912
672|195|348
198|342|567
-----------
859|761|423
426|853|791
713|924|856
-----------
961|537|284
287|419|635
345|286|179
-----------
sud.sql

48
100%
% of developers that
will need to solve Sudoku
as part of their job

49
100%
% of developers that need
to get real s*#t done

57
DBA friendship is important
oc00.sql

60
C#, C++ ESB Tuxedo
Weblogic
Stored
Procedure

61
for (int i = 0; i < WinningCombinations.Count; ++i)
{
if (WinningCombinations[i].Investment > 0 &&
WinningCombinations[i].PrimaryDividend > MinDividendDeadHeat)
{
maxDivisor =
Math.Max(maxDivisor, WinningCombinations[i].Divisor);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < WinningCombinations.Count; ++i)
{
if (WinningCombinations[i].Investment > 0 &&
WinningCombinations[i].PrimaryDividend > MinDividendDeadHeat)
{
WinningCombinations[i].Divisor =
maxDivisor / WinningCombinations[i].Divisor;
sumNewDivisors += WinningCombinations[i].Divisor;
}
}

67
query blocks = self-documenting SQL

68
select emp.*
from emp,
( select trunc(hiredate,'YYYY'), max(empno) empno
from emp
where empno > 0
group by trunc(hiredate,'YYYY') ) x,
( select deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y
where x.empno = emp.empno
and y.deptno = emp.deptno

69
Id | Operation | Name |
----------------------------------------------|
0 | SELECT STATEMENT | |
1 | HASH JOIN | |
2 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | EMP |
3 | NESTED LOOPS | |
4 | VIEW | |
5 | SORT GROUP BY | |
6 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| EMP |
7 | INDEX FULL SCAN | E2 |
8 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | E1 |
9 | VIEW | |

70
select emp.*
from emp,
( select trunc(hiredate,'YYYY'), max(empno) empno
from emp
where empno > 0
( select deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y
Id | Operation | Name |
----------------------------------------------|
1 | HASH JOIN | |
4 | VIEW | |
9 | VIEW | |

71
select emp.*
from emp,
( select /*+ QB_NAME(YR_HIRE) */
trunc(hiredate,'YYYY'), max(empno) empno
from emp
where empno > 0
( select /*+ QB_NAME(AV_SAL) */
deptno, avg(sal)
from emp
group by deptno ) y

72
Id | Operation | Name | Query Block
----------------------------------------------|--------------
1 | HASH JOIN | |
4 | VIEW | |
9 | VIEW | |
SEL$1
SEL$1
AV_SAL
AV_SAL
AV_SAL
AV_SAL
SEL$1
YR_HIRE
YR_HIRE
YR_HIRE
YR_HIRE

75
SQL> insert into MY_TABLE
2 select *
3 from MY_HUGE_GREAT_FAT_TABLE;MY_HUGE_GREAT_FAT_TABLE;

81
2 select *
3 from MY_HUGE_GREAT_FAT_TABLE;
Elapsed: 06:12:34.00

82
2 select *
3 from MY_HUGE_GREAT_FAT_TABLE;
Elapsed: 06:12:34.00
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01847: day of month must be between 1 and last day of month

86
SQL> select count(*) from MY_TABLE;
COUNT(*)
----------
0

91
2 select *
3 from MY_HUGE_GREAT_FAT_TABLE
4 where "not a duplicate"
5 and "datatypes are ok"
6 and "foreign keys are ok"
7 and "check constraints are ok"

92
SQL> exec DBMS_ERRLOG.CREATE_ERROR_LOG('EMP')

94
DBMS_ERRLOG.CREATE_ERROR_LOG (
dml_table_name IN VARCHAR2,
err_log_table_name IN VARCHAR2 := NULL,
err_log_table_owner IN VARCHAR2 := NULL,
...

95
SQL> desc ERR$_EMP
Name Null? Type
----------------------------- -------- ----------------
ORA_ERR_NUMBER$ NUMBER
ORA_ERR_MESG$ VARCHAR2(2000)
ORA_ERR_ROWID$ ROWID
ORA_ERR_OPTYP$ VARCHAR2(2)
ORA_ERR_TAG$ VARCHAR2(2000)
EMPNO VARCHAR2(4000)
ENAME VARCHAR2(4000)
JOB VARCHAR2(4000)
MGR VARCHAR2(4000)
HIREDATE VARCHAR2(4000)
SAL VARCHAR2(4000)
COMM VARCHAR2(4000)
DEPTNO VARCHAR2(4000)

99
SQL> select * from NEW_DATA;
EMPNO SAL DEPTNO
---------- ---------- ----------
1000 5000 20
100X 3550 10
2000 2500 50
7934 4000 20
non-numeric
no dept 50
duplicate

100
SQL> exec dbms_errlog.create_error_log('EMP');
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> insert into EMP (empno,sal,deptno)
2 select empno,sal,deptno
3 from NEW_DATA
4 LOG ERRORS REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED;
1 row created.
50

101
SQL> select ORA_ERR_OPTYP$ op, ORA_ERR_MESG$, EMPNO
2 from ERR$_EMP
OP ORA_ERR_MESG$ EMPNO
-- ------------------------------------------------------------ -----
I ORA-01722: invalid number 100X
I ORA-02291: integrity constraint (SCOTT.FK_DEPTNO) violated 2000
I ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.PK_EMP) violated 7934

104
104
SQL> select *
2 from timeslots;
HR
--
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
SQL> select *
2 from bookings;
HR ROOM WHO
------- ---------- -------
8 Room2 PETE
9 Room1 JOHN
11 Room1 MIKE
14 Room2 JILL
15 Room2 JANE
16 Room1 SAM

105
bookings by hour
conventional outer join

106
SQL> SELECT hrs.hr, t1.room, t1.who
2 from timeslots hrs
3 left outer join bookings t1
4 on hrs.hr = t1.hr
5 order by 1
HR ROOM WHO
------- ---------- ----------
8 Room2 PETE
9 Room1 JOHN
10
11 Room1 MIKE
12
13
14 Room2 JILL
15 Room2 JANE
16 Room1 SAM

108
HR ROOM WHO
------- ---------- ----------
8 Room2 PETE
9
10
11
12
13
14 Room2 JILL
15 Room2 JANE
16
HR ROOM WHO
------- ---------- ----------
8
9 Room1 JOHN
10
11 Room1 MIKE
12
13
14
15
16 Room1 SAM

109
SQL> select *
2 from timeslots;
HR
--
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
x "Room 1"
x "Room 2"
...
x "Room n"

111
SQL> SELECT hrs.hr, t1.room, t1.who
2 FROM bookings t1
3 PARTITION BY (t1.room)
4 RIGHT OUTER JOIN timeslots ON (hrs.hr = t1.hr)
5 order by 1,2
HR ROOM WHO
--------- ---------- ----------
8 Room1
9 Room1 JOHN
10 Room1
11 Room1 MIKE
12 Room1
13 Room1
14 Room1
15 Room1
16 Room1 SAM
8 Room2 PETE
9 Room2
10 Room2
11 Room2
12 Room2
13 Room2
14 Room2 JILL
15 Room2 JANE
16 Room2

116
WITH last_hire AS
(
select deptno, max(hiredate)
from emp
group by deptno
)
select * from last_hire;

117
"who cares?....... more code, same result"

120
relational is a rigorous model ...

121
relational is the dominant model ...

122
relational ... can sortta suck :-)

125
"data is represented as mathematical n-ary
relations, an n-ary relation being a subset of
the Cartesian product of n domains."

129
"First, get the total salary paid by each department,
then get the average of these totals,
then list those departments above that average"
SQL ?

130
"First, get the total salary paid by department...
SQL> WITH dept_salaries AS (
2 SELECT dname, SUM(sal) dept_sal
3 FROM emp e, dept d
4 WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno
5 GROUP BY dname),

131
"...then get the average of these totals...
6 avg_sal AS ( SELECT AVG(dept_sal) avsal
7 FROM dept_salaries)

132
"...then list those departments above average."
8 SELECT * FROM dept_salaries d, avg_sal a
9 WHERE d.dept_sal > a.avsal
10 ORDER BY d.dname;

133
SQL> WITH dept_salaries AS (
2 SELECT dname, SUM(sal) dept_sal
3 FROM emp e, dept d
4 WHERE e.deptno = d.deptno
5 GROUP BY dname),
6 avg_sal AS ( SELECT AVG(dept_sal) avsal
7 FROM dept_salaries)
8 SELECT * FROM dept_salaries d, avg_sal a
9 WHERE d.dept_sal > a.avsal
10 ORDER BY d.dname;

138
recall: partitioned outer join

139
SQL> with raw_data as (
2 select
3 hrs.hr,
4 t1.room,
5 t1.who
6 from bookings t1
7 partition by (t1.room)
8 right outer join hrs
9 on (hrs.hr = t1.hr)
10 order by
11 hr, room
12 )
13 select
14 json_arrayagg(
15 json_object(key room||to_char(hr) value who )
16 order by hr ) as meetings
17 from raw_data ;
[{"Room1-08":null},
{"Room1-09":"JOHN"},
{"Room1-10":null},
{"Room1-11":"MIKE"},
{"Room1-12":null},
...
...
{"Room2-14":"JILL"},
{"Room2-15":null},
{"Room2-16":"JANE"}]

141
speaking of procedural to relational

143
SQL> select
2 ( select dname
3 from dept
4 where deptno = e.deptno ) dname,
5 decode(empno, 7499,
6 ( select max(sal) from emp ),
7 -1)
8 from
9 ( select * from emp
10 where sal > 0 ) e
11 where
12 ( select max(hiredate) from emp ) < sysdate
13 /
scalar
anywhere an
expression could be

148
turn procedural into "relational"

149
List all persons in the STAFF table plus their
salary calculated based on CLASS_TYPE
column value:
= ‘T’ (temp worker) salary is FIXED_PRICE from
PART_TIME_PACKAGE table
= ‘C’ (contractor) salary is the HRS * HRLY_RATE
from CONTRACT_PACKAGE table
= ‘P’ (permanent) salary is the ANNUAL_SAL +
BONUS from PERM_PACKAGE table

151
4 begin
5 for i in ( select * from staff ) loop
6 if i.class_type = 'T' then -- part time
7 select fixed_price
8 into v_sal
9 from part_time_package
10 where id = i.class_id;
11 elsif i.class_type = 'C' then -- contractors
12 select hrs * hrly_rate
13 into v_sal
14 from contract_package
16 elsif i.class_type = 'P' then -- permanent
17 select annual_sal + bonus
18 into v_sal
19 from perm_package
21 end if;
22 dbms_output.put_line(rpad(i.name,20)||lpad(v_sal,10));
23 end loop;

153
SQL> select s.name,
2 case class_type
3 when 'T' then (
4 select fixed_price
5 from part_time_package
6 where id = s.class_id )
7 when 'C' then (
8 select hrs * hrly_rate
9 from contract_package
11 when 'P' then (
12 select annual_sal + bonus
13 from perm_package
15 end sal
16 from staff s;
Scalar subquery
NAME SAL
------------------------------ -------
JOHN SMITH 123.45
JOE BLOGGS 2435.54

159
"employees by hiredate, recent first"

160
SQL> select empno, ename, hiredate
2 from emp
3 where rownum <= 5
4 order by hiredate desc;
EMPNO ENAME HIREDATE
---------- ---------- -------------------
7654 MARTIN 28/09/1981 00:00:00
7566 JONES 02/04/1981 00:00:00
7521 WARD 22/02/1981 00:00:00
7499 ALLEN 20/02/1981 00:00:00
7369 SMITH 17/12/1980 00:00:00

162
SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select empno, ename, hiredate
4 from emp
5 order by hiredate desc
6 )
7 where rownum <= 5;
---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 12-JAN-83
7788 SCOTT 09-DEC-82
7934 MILLER 23-JAN-82
7900 JAMES 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD 03-DEC-81
162

163
SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select
4 empno, ename, hiredate,
5 row_number() over ( order by hiredate desc) rn
6 from emp
7 )
8 where rn <= 5;

164
2 from emp
4 fetch first 5 rows only;
---------- ---------- ---------
7876 ADAMS 12-JAN-83
7788 SCOTT 09-DEC-82
7934 MILLER 23-JAN-82
7900 JAMES 03-DEC-81
7902 FORD 03-DEC-81

165
"TL;DR ... my app can do it"

166
public static void Paging(Connection conn ) throws Exception
{
PreparedStatement sql_stmt =
conn.prepareStatement(
"select empno, ename, hiredate
from emp
order by hiredate desc");
ResultSet rset = sql_stmt.executeQuery();
int i = 0;
while( rset.next() )
{
...
i = i + 1;
if (i > 5) {
break;
}
}
rset.close();
}

170
SQL> select *
2 from (
3 select empno, ename, hiredate
4 from emp
6 )
7 where rownum <= 5;
------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows |
------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 5 |
|* 1 | COUNT STOPKEY | | |
| 2 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 3 | SORT ORDER BY STOPKEY| | 14 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 14 |
------------------------------------------------

171
2 from emp
4 fetch first 5 rows only;
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
|* 1 | VIEW | | 14 |
|* 2 | WINDOW SORT PUSHED RANK| | 14 |
| 3 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMP | 14 |
-------------------------------------------------

173
most of us know about analytics

174
SQL> select row_number() OVER ( order by sal )
2 from emp
3 ...
https://bit.ly/analytic_sql

175
"Show me lowest salary for each department..."
SQL> select deptno, min(sal)
2 from emp
3 group by deptno;
"...and I need to know who has that lowest salary"
SQL> select deptno, empno, min(sal)
2 from emp
3 group by deptno;
ORA-00979: not a GROUP BY expression

177
SQL> select deptno, min(sal),
2 min(empno)
3 KEEP ( dense_rank FIRST order by sal) empno
4 from emp
5 group by deptno;
DEPTNO MIN(SAL) EMPNO
---------- ---------- ----------
10 1300 7934
20 800 7369
30 950 7900
Emp 7934 has
the lowest salary
of 1300 in dept 10

182
no correlation ☺
but its my fault

183
SQL> select surname
2 from names;
SURNAME
------------------------------
jones
brown
SMITH
sigh...

184
SQL> select initcap(surname)
2 from names;
SURNAME
------------------------------
Jones
Brown
Smith
Mcdonald

186
SQL> select *
2 from customers
3 where cust_name = 'ADAMS';
COUNTRY CREATED CUST_NAME
------------ --------- ------------
AUS 07-NOV-16 ADAMS

187
SQL> select *
2 from customers
3 where upper(cust_name) = 'ADAMS';
------------ --------- ------------
AUS 07-NOV-16 Adams
AUS 07-NOV-16 ADAMS
AUS 07-NOV-16 adams

189
SQL> select * from customers

191
SQL> select column_name
2 from user_ind_columns
3 where index_name = 'CUST_IX';
COLUMN_NAME
------------------------------
CUST_NAME
-------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes |
-------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 152 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| CUSTOMERS | 1 | 152 |
-------------------------------------------------------

192
SQL> create index cust_ix
2 on customers ( cust_name );
Index created.
SQL> create index cust_ix2
2 on customers ( upper(cust_name) );
Index created.

193
DML slower
more contention
more redo/undo

196
SQL> alter table customers shrink space;
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-10631: SHRINK clause should not be specified

200
SQL> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
2 (
3 COUNTRY VARCHAR2(128),
4 CREATED DATE,
5 CUST_NAME VARCHAR2(150) COLLATE BINARY_CI
6 );
Table created.
"case insenstive"

201
SQL> create index cust_ix
2 on customers ( cust_name);
Index created.
SQL> set autotrace traceonly explain
-----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
| 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BATCHED| CUSTOMERS | 1 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | CUST_IX | 1 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------

202
"what is so special about that?"

203
------------ --------- ----------------
AUS 07-NOV-16 Adams
AUS 08-NOV-16 ADAMS
AUS 09-NOV-16 adams

204
binary_ci
------------ --------- ------------
AUS 07-NOV-16 Adams
AUS 08-NOV-16 ADAMS
AUS 09-NOV-16 adams

205
binary_ai
------------ --------- -----------
AUS 07-NOV-16 Adams
AUS 08-NOV-16 ADAMS
AUS 09-NOV-16 adams
AUS 10-NOV-16 adáms
adáms

207
SQL> alter table people default collation binary_ai;
new columns only

211
"talking" to your database
... makes it faster

214
select prod_id, max(amount)
from stores st,
customers c,
sales s
where s.cust_id = c.cust_id(+)
and c.store_id = st.store_id
and s.amount > 10
group by prod_id
hash outer join ?
nested loop ?
STORES first ?
sort merge ?

215
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
| 1 | HASH GROUP BY | | 100 |
|* 2 | HASH JOIN | | 990K |
| 3 | NESTED LOOPS SEMI | | 5000 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| CUSTOMERS | 5000 |
|* 5 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN| STORE_IX | 50 |
|* 6 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | SALES | 990K |
---------------------------------------------------

216
can we do better ?
add indexes ?
rewrite query ?
result cache ?
materialized view ?

217
share your knowledge with the db
oc04.sql

226
25 years of tips and techniques
Tuesday, 9am, Empress

227
Have a great conference !
youtube youtube.com/c/ConnorMcDonaldOracle
blog connor-mcdonald.com
twitter @connor_mc_d

UKOUG 2019 - SQL features

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UKOUG 2019 - SQL features