Understanding Migration, Geography 12
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The document discusses migration in India, detailing its meaning, types, causes, and consequences. It outlines three historical waves of migration: indentured laborers during the colonial period, economic migrants to neighboring countries, and professionals migrating for better opportunities since the 1960s. Additionally, it analyzes patterns of internal migration, highlighting net migration trends and the push and pull factors influencing migration decisions.
Understanding Migration, Geography 12
- 1. Migration India People and Economy Geography 12th 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 1
- 2. Chapter Overview • Meaning of Migration • Types of Migration • Causes of Migration and • Consequences of Migration 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 2
- 3. BACKGROUND • Migration is an integral part and very important factor in redistribution population over time and space. • India has witnessed the waves of Migrants coming to country from Central and West Asia and also from South-East Asia. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 3 • In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of Migrants coming and settling one after another in different parts of the country. • Similarly a large number of people of India too have been migration in search of better opportunities specially to the countries of Middle East, Western Europe, America etc..
- 4. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 4 First Wave- During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; to Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers. All such migrations were covered under the time-bound contract known as Girmit Act (Indian Emigration Act). However, the living conditions of these indentured labourers were not better than the slaves. The second wave of migrants ventured out into the neighbouring countries in recent times as professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues. Third wave, of migrant was comprised professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers, management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany, etc. These professional enjoy the distinction of being one of highly educated, the highest earning and prospering groups. Three waves of Migration
- 5. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 5 What is Migration? It is the movement of a person or a group of people, to settle in another place, often across a political or administrative boundary. Migration can be temporal or permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced. In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases : (A) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant); (B) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence). As per 2001 census, out of 1,029 million people in the country, 307 million (30 per cent) were reported as migrants by place of birth. However, this figure was 315 million (31 per cent) in case of place of last residence.
- 6. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 6 Streams of Migration Under the internal Migration four streams are identified I) Rural to Rural (R- R) II) Rural to Urban (R-U) III) Urban to Urban (U-U) IX) Urban to Rural (U-R)
- 7. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 7 Spatial variation in Migration Some states like Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attracts migrants from Bihar, UP , etc.. Maharashtra occupied 1st place in list with 2.3 million net in-migrants followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana. On the other hand UP and Bihar had largest no. of out migrants. Among Urban Agglomeration, Greater Mumbai received the higher number of in-migrants.
- 8. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 8 Causes of Migration Push factors, These cause people to leave their place of residence or origin. E.g. Flood, drought, poor heath care, education, etc.. Pull Factors, which attracts the people from different places. E.g. Better opportunities for education, better health facilities, sources of entertainment, job, etc
- 9. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 9 Consequence of Migration Consequence of Migration Economic Demographic Social & Cultural Environmental Others consequence:- Migration affects status of women, Brain Drain
- 10. 4/5/2022 RAVI RAJ KAMAL 10 Which one of the following streams is dominated by male migrants in India? (a) Rural-rural (c) Rural-urban (b) Urban-rural (d) Urban-Urban