UNIT 1 PROJECT MANAGMENT.pptx my college
- 1. UNIT -1 CONCEPT OF PROJECT
- 2. Project Management • Project management is the process of planning, organizing, and overseeing a project from start to finish. It involves: • Defining the project's goals, scope, and deliverables (output) • Creating a plan to achieve the project's goals • Allocating resources • Managing the project team • Ensuring the project is completed on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of stakeholders • Tracking progress and adjusting as needed • Evaluating the project's success and documenting lessons learned
- 3. PROJECT A project is defined as a sequence of tasks that must be completed to attain a certain outcome. A piece of work, often involving many people, that is planned and organized carefully. According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), the term Project refers to ” to any temporary endeavor(means to make an effort to accomplish something) with a definite(specific) beginning and end”.
- 4. CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTS • A. Based on Project Scope, duration:- • Based on their scope, which refers to the scale and size of the endeavor, we can categorize projects. Understanding the project scope management is crucial as it influences the resources, timelines, and complexity of the project. The scope of a project can be broadly classified into three categories, namely: • Short-Term Projects: Projects will take a few weeks or months to complete. • Medium-Term Projects: Projects that take a year or more to complete but typically last for a limited duration. • Long-Term Projects: Projects that span several years, often involving complex objectives and significant resources.
- 5. SMALL-SCALE PROJECTS • 1. Small-Scale Projects(Examples: Creating a marketing brochure, organizing a local event, or developing a simple mobile application. • There is typically a limited scope(region) and fewer resources involved in small-scale projects. Additionally, they are often managed by a small team. • Characteristics: • Flexibility and Adaptability: These projects often allow for greater flexibility in making quick decisions and adjustments due to their smaller scale. • Limited Risks: With a smaller scope, risks are usually more manageable and more accessible to identify and mitigate. • Shorter Timelines: Completion timelines are more concise, allowing for quicker achievement of project goals.
- 6. • Direct Communication: Communication within the team is often more natural due to the smaller team size. • Cost-Efficiency: Small-scale projects typically involve lower costs compared to larger endeavors. • Focused Objectives: These projects typically have particular and narrowly defined objectives, making it easier to measure success and progress. • Minimal Bureaucracy(Authority): Due to their smaller scale, decision- making processes are often streamlined, reducing bureaucratic hurdles. • Team Cohesion: Smaller teams often foster stronger bonds among team members, enabling closer collaboration and a shared sense of responsibility. • Quick Adaptation: Changes or adaptations can be implemented if needed, rapidly due to the smaller scale and fewer interconnected processes. • Local Impact: Small-scale projects have a localized impact on a specific department, team, or process within an organization.
- 7. Medium-Scale Projects Examples: Implementing a new software system within a department, organizing a regional conference, or developing a medium-sized infrastructure project • Medium-scale projects encompass a broader scope than small-scale projects but are less extensive than large-scale endeavors. Additionally, they require more resources, time, and coordination among a larger team. • Characteristics: • Moderate Complexity: These projects have an average level of complexity, requiring more planning and coordination than small-scale projects but less than large-scale ones. • Diverse Stakeholders: They might involve a broader range of stakeholders, requiring more communication and collaboration among different groups or departments. • Balanced Resources: While more resources are needed than in small-scale projects, they are usually manageable and less extensive than in large-scale projects. • Extended Timelines: Projects might have longer timelines due to increased scope and complexity.
- 8. • Mid-Level Risk Exposure: Risks are more varied and may require a more detailed project risk management strategy than small-scale projects. • Project Phases: Medium-scale projects often have distinct phases, each requiring specific planning and execution, allowing for more structured types of project management. • Interdepartmental Coordination: Coordination between different departments or units within an organization might be necessary, leading to increased collaboration challenges. • Scaling Challenges: Balancing the need for more resources against budget constraints might require effective resource management. • Quality vs. Speed: There might be a need to balance the delivery speed with maintaining quality, which can be more challenging than in small- scale projects. • Stakeholder Management: Managing a broader range of stakeholders(partner) and their varying expectations and requirements becomes crucial(important) in medium-scale projects.
- 9. 3. Large-Scale Projects • Examples: Building a tall urban structure, introducing a comprehensive software system across a large enterprise, or orchestrating(to plan and organize something carefully) a significant global event such as the Olympic Games. • Large-scale projects are extensive in scope, involving a significant investment of resources, time, and workforce. Moreover, these projects are complex and often impact multiple aspects of an organization or community. • Characteristics: • High Complexity and Integration(addition): These projects are highly complex, involving multiple interrelated components that require comprehensive planning and execution. • Extensive Resources and Budgets: They demand of finance, human, and technological resources. • Long-Term Commitment: Projects of this scale can extend over months or even years, requiring sustained effort and commitment requiring multi-level approval processes. • Impact and Visibility: Large-scale projects have significant effect on the organization community and are usually more visible to a broader audience.
- 10. • Comprehensive Risk Management: Identifying and managing risks in large-scale projects is critical(important) due to their potential impact and investment. • Strategic Alignment(steps): Ensuring that the project aligns with the organization’s long-term strategic goals is crucial due to the extensive resources involved. • Regulatory and Compliance Aspects: Large-scale projects often face more regulatory scrutiny(inspection) and compliance(submission terms) requirements, adding complexity and time to the project. • Technological Integration: Integrating diverse and complex technologies and systems may require comprehensive planning and execution strategies. • External Dependencies: Large-scale projects might depend on external factors such as market conditions, government regulations, or global events. • Long-Term Planning: Due to the extended duration, forecasting and planning for changes in market conditions or technology advancements become essential for successful outcomes.
- 11. B. Based on Industry or Sector
- 12. IT and Software Development Projects Characterstics:- • Dynamic(full of ideas) and Iterative: IT and software projects often follow iterative(repeated again and again) development methodologies, requiring constant adaptation(making ongoing adjustments) to evolving technology(new) and client needs. • Technology-Centric: These types of projects heavily rely on technology, requiring a deep understanding of coding, development methodologies, and technological trends. • Emphasis on Scalability and Security: Emphasis on scalability (increase or decrease in performance) and security means ensuring that a system can handle increased demand while maintaining security and protect sensitive information. • Collaborative Development: Collaborative development is a process where multiple people or organizations work together to achieve a common goal in a synchronized(work at the same time or speed) manner. • Rapid Evolution(a process of adapting to change quickly) : Technology is advancing rapidly which allows project teams to stay updated with the latest and the best project management tools and techniques for efficient development.
- 13. Construction Projects • Example:- residential construction projects, commercial construction projects, institutional construction projects, mixed-use construction projects, industrial construction project. • Construction projects involve • planning, • design, • execution, • and completion
- 14. Construction Projects These projects typically follow a detailed process to ensure they are finished on time, within budget, and to required standards. Here are some common types of construction projects and the key steps involved: • Types of Construction Projects: • Residential Construction: Includes the building of homes, apartments. • Commercial Construction: Include the building of offices, retail stores, hotels, hospitals, and other business-related buildings. • Industrial Construction: Include the building of factories, warehouses, power plants, and manufacturing facilities. • Infrastructure Projects: Include the building of roads, bridges, tunnels, airports, railways, and utilities like water and sewage systems. • Renovation and Retrofitting: Updating or improving existing structures to meet current standards or client needs.
- 15. 2. Construction Projects Characterstics:- • Phased Development: Construction projects often follow phases such as planning, design, procurement, construction, and maintenance. • Compliance and Regulations: Compliance and regulations refer to the rules and guidelines that businesses must follow to operate legally and ethically like building codes, safety standards is important throughout the project lifecycle. • Resource and Time Management: These types of projects involve managing diverse resources such as materials, labor, equipment, and timelines, often facing weather and logistical challenges( an issue or obstacle that makes it difficult to organize or execute involving with planning). • Collaboration and Coordination: Effective collaboration and coordination among teams among architects, engineers, contractors, and subcontractors is important for successful completion. • Risk Management: Construction projects face various risks like budget overruns, design changes, and unexpected delays(time delay in completion), which requires quick risk management strategies.
- 16. Healthcare Projects Characterstics:- • Regulatory Compliance: Healthcare projects must follow to strict regulatory standards and compliance requirements related to patient safety, privacy, and quality standards. • Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Involving multiple healthcare professionals like doctors, nurses, administrators, and IT specialists, requiring effective communication and coordination. • Technology Integration(Keeping all things together) : Healthcare projects often involve integrating complex medical technologies and systems that ensure accuracy, efficiency, and patient care improvement, patient report visibility. • Patient-Centric Approach: Focused on patient outcomes, these types of projects demand a human(patient)-centric approach, considering the impact on patient well-being and care delivery. • Sensitivity and Ethical Considerations: Due to the sensitive nature of healthcare, ethical considerations, patient confidentiality, and data security are important.
- 17. 4. Marketing and Advertising Projects Characterstics:- • Creativity and Innovation(change): Marketing and advertising projects heavily emphasize creativity, demanding innovative strategies(method) and campaigns to capture audience attention. • Market Analysis and Audience Segmentation: Extensive market research and audience segmentation are fundamental(important) for successful campaigns. • Multi-Channel Strategies: These types of projects often involve managing campaigns across various platforms like social media, traditional media, and digital advertising. • Tight Deadlines and Rapid Changes: Marketing projects often have tight deadlines and require adaptability to changing market trends and consumer behaviors. • Measurable Outcomes: Measurable outcomes are results that can be quantified and observed. They are often used to determine if a process or activity was successful.
- 18. C. Based on Purpose or Objective • Organizations can also categorize projects according to their primary objective or purpose. The following is an elaboration on these types: • 1. Research and Development Projects • Innovation and Creativity: These types of projects are focused on innovation, exploring new ideas, and creating novel products, services, or solutions. • Long-Term Vision: Research and development projects often have longer timeframes, aiming for future growth and advancement. • Risk and Uncertainty: These projects entail a higher degree of uncertainty due to the nature of exploring new concepts or technologies, requiring a higher risk tolerance. • Experimentation and Testing: The projects involve extensive experimentation, prototyping, and testing to refine concepts and ideas. • Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration: Collaboration among diverse specialists and experts is essential to bring varied perspectives and expertise together for successful outcomes.
- 19. Implementation Projects • Execution and Application: Implementation projects focus on applying existing solutions, strategies, or products into operational environments. • Defined Objectives and Specifications: Clear and defined objectives, often derived from previous research or planning, guide the project’s implementation process. • Timeline and Efficiency: These types of projects often have a relatively shorter timeline with a strong emphasis on efficiency and swift execution. • Change Management: Implementations often require change management within the organization, including training and adaptation to new systems or processes. • Quality Assurance: Ensuring the quality of implementation is vital to meet the specified objectives and expectations.
- 20. 3. Maintenance and Support Projects • Sustaining Operations: These types of project management revolve around maintaining, enhancing, or supporting existing systems, products, or services. • Continual Improvement: The focus is on ensuring the smooth functioning of existing systems, and implementing updates, and improvements to meet evolving needs. • Troubleshooting and Problem-Solving: Projects involve resolving issues, bugs, or operational challenges that arise in ongoing systems or products. • User Support and Training: Projects often include user support, training, and documentation to aid efficient system usage. • Cost-Efficiency and Reliability: Emphasizing cost-efficient maintenance and reliable support systems is essential to ensure operational continuity.
- 21. D. Based on Organizational Structure • Projects can be classified according to the organizational setup in which they function. Also, varied organizational structures can notably influence the management and implementation of projects. The following is an explanation of these types: • 1. Functional Projects • Hierarchical Structure: In functional projects, teams are organized based on the traditional hierarchical structure where employees report to functional managers. • Specialized Expertise: Team members possess specialized skills and knowledge within their functional areas, such as marketing, finance, or operations. • Limited Project Focus: Employees work on the project part-time while continuing their functional roles, limiting their dedication and focus on the project. • Departmental Silos: Projects might face challenges due to departmental silos or conflicting priorities among different functional units. • Clear Reporting Lines: Reporting lines are clear, as team members report to both their functional managers and the project manager.
- 22. 2. Matrix Projects • Dual Reporting Structure: Matrix projects have a dual reporting structure where employees report both to a functional manager and a project manager. • Enhanced Communication: This structure facilitates better communication and coordination across various functions as team members have a direct link to both managers. • Resource Pooling: Resources are shared among projects and functional areas, allowing for more efficient resource utilization. • Balanced Focus: Employees can balance their commitment between project tasks and their functional responsibilities. • Potential Conflict: Matrix structures may lead to power struggles or conflicts between functional and project managers, demanding strong conflict resolution skills.
- 23. 3. Projected Projects • Project-Centric Structure: In projectized organizations, teams are dedicated solely to the project for its duration, with project managers having full authority and control. • Dedicated Resources: Team members are fully committed to the project, ensuring a higher level of focus and dedication to project goals. • Clear Accountability: Project managers have complete authority over resources and decision-making, providing clear accountability for project success or failure. • Adaptability and Flexibility: The structure allows for quick adaptation to changes in project requirements or priorities. • High Collaboration: Projectized structures often promote a high level of collaboration and teamwork among project members.
- 24. E. Based on the Life Cycle • Based on their life cycle or the approach used to manage them, we can categorize projects. The following is an explanation of the two prominent approaches: • 1. Predictive or Waterfall Projects • Sequential Phases: The waterfall approach follows a linear, sequential progression through distinct phases like conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, implementation, and maintenance. • Detailed Planning: Extensive planning is done at the project’s outset, with defined requirements and objectives set before moving to the next phase. • Minimal Change Scope: Changes to the initial requirements are challenging and costly to implement once the project progresses to later stages. • Rigid Structure: The process is structured and follows a fixed sequence, with each phase depending on the completion of the previous phase. • Suitability for Stable Requirements: Best suited for projects where requirements are well understood and unlikely to change significantly throughout the project duration.
- 25. 2. Adaptive or Agile Projects • Iterative and Flexible: Agile projects involve iterative cycles, where work is divided into smaller, manageable increments or sprints, promoting flexibility and adaptability. • Emphasis on Collaboration: Collaboration and adaptability are central, with a focus on responding to change rather than sticking strictly to a predefined plan. • Frequent Inspection and Adaptation: Agile projects encourage continuous inspection and adaptation of requirements, allowing for flexibility in accommodating changes. • Quick Deliverables: Regular delivery of functional components or increments ensures continuous feedback and allows for immediate adjustments. • Suited for Evolving Requirements: Ideal for projects with evolving or unclear requirements, where the ability to adapt to change is paramount for success.