Unit 16 Power Point
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The document discusses organic chemistry concepts, including: - Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living and once-living organisms. Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing for complex molecules. - Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made of only carbon and hydrogen. They have properties like low melting/boiling points and flammability. - Hydrocarbons can be saturated, with each carbon bonded to four atoms, or unsaturated, with some carbons bonded to fewer atoms and double/triple bonds. - Structural formulas show atom arrangement, important for identifying isomers - compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. Functional groups give compounds distinct properties and uses
Unit 16 Power Point
- 2. Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.-- compounds lacking carbon and not from living organisms referred to as “inorganic”
- 3. Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.
- 4. Carbon – The Element of LifeCarbon’s unique atomic structure allows it to covalently bond with up to four other atoms -- carbon is the simplest element on the periodic table that also has four valence electronsDrawing of carbon and it’s bonding ability:
- 6. Properties of HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made up of only two elements -- they have low melting and boiling points. -- hydrocarbons are flammable -- hydrocarbons are nonpolar and mix poorly with water—think, oil and water. -- hydrocarbons are used for many of our fuelsMethane Propane Diesel
- 7. Properties of Hydrocarbons-- Liquid hydrocarbons do not burn, only in the vapor form-- The longer the chain, the most likely to remain a liquid/solid-- Methane = gas-- Propane = liquid under pressure, gas in air-- Butane = high volatile liquid-- Gasoline = volatile liquid-- Diesel = non-volatile liquid-- paraffin = solid
- 8. Saturated There are two kinds of hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturatedSaturated hydrocarbons – hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms as possible (each carbon is bonded to four different atoms)-- there are NO DOUBLE BONDS in a saturatedhydrocarbon
- 9. UnsaturatedUnsaturated hydrocarbons – hold less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (some carbons are only bonded to two or three different atoms) -- there are one or more double or triple bonds in an unsaturated hydrocarbon
- 10. From Unsaturated to SaturatedThe fewer the double bonds, the more solid the fat/oil is at room temperature.
- 12. Structural FormulasWhen we write a simple chemical formula, such as CH4, we are actually writing what we call a molecular formulaMolecular Formulas – show the atoms and the number of atoms involved in a molecule but nothing elseIn organic chemistry, it is often more useful to show structural formulas insteadStructural Formulas – show each type of atom and how they are arranged in a molecule CH4 H – C – H Molecular Formula Structural Formula 3-D StructureHH
- 13. IsomersStructural formulas are important in organic chemistry because of isomersIsomers are two compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR formulas but different structural formulas -- they have different chemical and physical propertiesmethoxyethaneC3H8O propan-1-ol propan-2-ol methoxyethane(n-propyl alcohol) (isopropyl alcohol)
- 14. The names of the simplest hydrocarbons:HydrocarbonMolecular FormulaMethane (Natural Gas) CH4Ethane C2H6Propane C3H8Butane (Lighter fluid) C4H10Pentane C5H12Hexane C6H14Octane(Gasoline) C8H18Decane C10H22DodecaneC12H26Heating Oil C14-C20 Paraffin Wax C25H52Crude Oil C20-C50
- 15. Hydrocarbons The alkenes have a double bond between at least two carbons. These are all unsaturated.
- 16. HydrocarbonsThe alkynes have a triple bond between at least two carbons. These are all unsaturated and highly reactive.
- 18. Functional groups-are bound to the carbon and gives the compound some sort of property.For Example: Esters allhave a sour taste and strong odor.Ethyl acetateNail Polish Remover
- 19. Because of their strong odors, esters are used in industry as artificial flavors and/or odors for things like gum, candy, soda, candles, soaps, and perfumes.Prop-2-enyl hexanoatePineappleIsoamyl acetateBananaIsobutyl acetate CherryMethyl cinnamateStrawberryEthyl valerateAppleEthyl cinnamateCinnamonEthyl lactate Butter