Unit 3. studying population
- 1. UNIT 3. STUDYING POPULATION WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO STUDY POPULATION?
- 2. Possible answers Ancient times: To find out who has to pay taxes. To make it easier to recruit soldiers. For example, in ancient Rome censors counted the population. In modern times: states have other reasons to be interested in population figures, such as: Planning for the cost of pensions. Forecasting how many places are needed in schools and hospitals.
- 3. 1. POPULATION GEOGRAPHY Population geography: Studies the inhabitants of the planet and their relationship to the physical environment. Analyse the evolution and composition of the population and its spatial distribution. To find out about (conocer más detalles) the population, geography uses a science: Demography, which deals with the quantitative and statistical study of the population. Therefore, is the statistical study of human populations, especially with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics (births, marriages, deaths, etc.).
- 4. B) DEMOGRAPHIC SOURCES. Developed countries count their population using questionnaires, such as census forms: Allow them to find out accurate population figures, as well as information about certain characteristics (age, sex, occupation…). We can obtain with a lot of precision population figures and information about the population. In the poorest countries, population figures are based on estimates made by governments and by other agencies, such as United Nations: Allow them to know approximately population figures. We can obtain population figures with no so much precision.
- 5. C) DEMOGRAPHIC SOURCES IN SPAIN THE POPULATION CENSUS: an official document published by the National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística o INE). INE link: http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176951&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981
- 6. THE CIVIL REGISTRY: in this registry, the Ministry of Justice records all births, deaths and marriages that take place in the country. It is compulsory to register these events.
- 7. THE MUNICIPAL REGISTER (padrón municipal): document prepared by municipalities which includes data on age, sex, addresses, level of education and economic activity of the inhabitants of a municipality. AgeSex Address Level education
- 8. Population geography studies the population from two different perspectives: DEMOGRAPHY STATIC Characteristics of population at any given time DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE: age or sex ECONOMIC SITUATION DYNAMIC Population´s evolution over time NATURAL MOVEMENTS MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS
- 9. 2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION Population structure can be biological (in terms of age and sex) or economic (according to economic activity). A) BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION. Is its composition according to age and sex. In terms of age, we can distinguish three groups: the child population (0-14 years old) the adult population (15-64 years old) the elderly population (aged 65 and older). According to sex, we can calculate the percentage of men (males) and women (female) in the total population. For example, in Spain there are more females.
- 10. To study the biological structure of population, we can use population pyramids. There are different types of population pyramids: TRIANGLE SHAPE It reflects a very young population (High birth rate and high death rate) High percentage of population under 14 years. Very small group of elderly people. Example: poor countries in Africa or Asia. BELL SHAPE It reflects a young population (High birth rate but lower death rate) The group of elderly people has increased because the age of death is higher. Example: developing countries (Brazil or Argentina). URN SHAPE It reflects an ageing population because of fewer births (Low birth rate and low death rate) Example: population of Europe (image above) or Spain and developed countries, in general. POPULATION PYRAMIDS https://youtu.be/9gejJKbpqnM
- 11. POPULATION PYRAMID OF SPAIN
- 12. B) ECONOMIC STRUCTURE. Active population: people who are available to work (Active population in Spain: 58 %). Employed population: working population or people who have a paid job. Unemployed population: people who are looking for a job (Unemployment rate in Spain: 16 %). Inactive population: people who do not do paid work and are not seeking it. It includes children over 16, students, the retired, people unable to work.
- 13. 3. NATURAL MOVEMENTS THE BIRTH RATE (NATALIDAD): number of births during one year. If we want to know whether the birth rate is high or low, we have to calculate the crude birth rate according to the following formula: For example: 41.790 2.983.990 𝑥 1000 14,005 ‰ (2014) Armenia Births 41.790 Total population 2.983.990 Note: birth rates are low in developed countries (rates lower than 20 ‰), whereas less developed countries have rates with higher values (more than 25-30 ‰; sometimes can be as high as 50 ‰). EUROPE: between 9 ‰ and 11 ‰. SPAIN: 8,4 ‰ (2017).
- 14. www.expansion.com (22/06/2017) Crude birth rate in SPAIN: 8,8 ‰ (2016).
- 15. THE DEATH RATE (MORTALIDAD): number of deaths during one year. If we want to know whether the death rate of population is high or low, we have to calculate the crude death rate according to the following formula: For example: 27.196 2.983.990 𝑥 1000 9,11 ‰ Note: developed countries have low death rates (below 10 ‰), whereas in less developed countries these rates are high (more than 15-20 ‰) because poor sanitary conditions, hunger, wars… In Spain the crude death rate is 9 ‰ (2017). (2014) Armenia Deaths 27.196 Total population 2.983.990
- 16. OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS RELATED TO MORTALITY: The infant mortality rate: Less developed countries have a high infant mortality rate (more than 60 ‰) More developed countries have a low infant mortality rate (less than 25 ‰) In Spain: 2.7 ‰ https://www.indexmundi.com/map/?t=0&v=29&r=xx&l=es https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THTDfWnohko Life expectancy: Estimated average expresses the number of years that a person can expect to live for from the moment of their birth in an specific place. Women have a higher life expectancy than men. In less developed countries life expectancy is below 50, while in developed countries it is about 80. In Spain, life expectancy is 83 years. http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia-y-salud/salud/2017/11/24/5a16dd19268e3e063a8b4658.html
- 17. THE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE. To calculate the rate of natural increase over a period of time, this formula is used: Positive natural increase: if the number of births is higher than that of deaths → population is growing. Negative natural increase: if the number of deaths is higher than births → number of inhabitants decreases. Rate natural increase Spain: 391.930 −423.643 46.659.302 𝑥 100 = - 0,06 % Note: The rate of natural increase in the world is at 1.2 %, indicating that the world population is growing. However, the highest rates correspond to developing countries.
- 18. Currently, as you can see in the chart below, it is calculated that the world population exceeds 7.3 billion.
- 19. ACTIVITIES 1. According to the information you have in the tables, you have to calculate: the crude birth rate, the crude death rate, the infant mortality rate and the rate of the natural increase. Then, you have to indicate if the countries that represent the data that the tables contain are developed or less developed countries and why. Births Deaths Deaths of infants under 1 year Total population 125.014 104.755 1.000 11.204.000 Births Deaths Deaths of infants under 1 year Total population 767.691 603.141 1.500 67.221.943
- 20. 4. MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS MIGRATION: is the movement of people from one part of the planet to another. Emigration: is the term used to indicate people leaving the country in which they reside. DEPARTURE OF PEOPLE FROM ONE PLACE. Immigration: is used to indicate people arriving at some country. ARRIVAL OF PEOPLE TO ONE PLACE. VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpXXvx1gCpU
- 21. ACTUAL INCREASE (Crecimiento Real). Migratory movements can change the data of population. It is necessary to calculate de actual increase using the following formula: 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 − 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 − 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 The result can be positive (population increases) or negative (population decreases). IN SPAIN: THE ACTUAL INCREASE = 21.021 NATURAL INCREASE = 391.930 – 423.643 = - 31.713 NET MIGRATION = 164.604 (immigrants 532.482 – emigrants 367.878) ACTUAL INCREASE = -31.713 + 164.604 = 132.891
- 22. To finish point 4, Migratory movements… … You have to complete the information you have in your photocopies with the information you have in your book: CAUSES OF MIGRATION (PAGE 18). TYPES OF MIGRATION (PAGE 19). CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION (PAGE 21): after reading the information you have on page 21, you have to insert a comment on the blog (before 16/11/2018), giving your personal point of view about the problems and consequences of migration.