Unit - I (2).ppt
- 2. UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS AND BOILERS 8 February 2023 2
- 3. Types of Power Plants 8 February 2023 3 1.Hydro Power Plant 2. Thermal Power Plant 3.Nuclear Power Plant 4. Diesel Power Plant 5. Gas Turbine Power Plant
- 4. General Arrangement of Hydro Electric power plant 8 February 2023 4
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- 6. 8 February 2023 6 Hydro Power Plant – Major components 1. Reservoir : Water collected from the catchment area is stored. Level of water in the reservoir is called “Head race level” 2. Dam : Stores the excess water during rainy season and regulates the outgoing flow of water. 3. Spill ways : Excessive accumulation of water results in instability of the dam. It is let out by spill ways.
- 7. 4. Surge Tank : Small reservoir located in between dam and turbine. 5 Water Turbine : Water under pressure is used to convert the kinetic energy into mechanical power . 6 Generator : Converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. 7. Draft Tube : Metallic pipe or concrete tunnel used to let the water into river. Allow the turbine to be located above the “Tail race level”. 8 February 2023 7
- 8. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT Dam Penstoc k Hydraulic Turbine Generat or 8 February 2023 8
- 9. TYPES OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT • Hydro electric power plant can be classified in the following way. (a) According to the availability of head (i) High head power plants (ii) Medium head power plants (iii) Low head power plants (b) According to the nature of the load (i) Base load plants (ii) peak load plants 8 February 2023 9
- 10. According to the quantity of the water available (i) Run-of-river plant without pondage (ii) Run-of-river plant with pondage (iii) Hydro Electric Plant with storage reservoirs. (iv) Pump storage plants (v) Mini and micro hydel plants 8 February 2023 10
- 11. HIGH HEAD POWER PLANTS These plant works under a head of 100 m and above. 8 February 2023 11
- 12. Medium head power plants These plants works under heads varying from 30 m to 100 m. 8 February 2023 12
- 13. Low head power plants • Operates under a very low head 8 February 2023 13
- 14. PUMPED STORAGE PLANT 8 February 2023 14
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- 16. PUMPED STORAGE PLANT Water after working in turbines is stored in the tailrace reservoir. During the night time water is pumped back from the tail to the head reservoir. It works with better load factor. A reversible turbine-pump unit is more profitable in usage. 8 February 2023 16
- 17. Micro-hydel power plant 8 February 2023 17
- 18. 8 February 2023 18 Micro-hydel power plant Micro-hydel power plant play a n important role in remote rural areas and mountains. It produces power output ranging from 5 kw - 100 kw. It is either a run-off scheme or storage scheme. Designed for low head turbines. Minimum catchment area is enough. Clean, non-polluting and renewable source of energy.
- 19. Steam boilers What is a Boiler? • Vessel that heats water to become hot water or steam. • At atmospheric pressure water volume increases 1,600 times. • Hot water or steam used to transfer heat to a process. 8 February 2023 19
- 20. Types of boilers Fire Tube Boiler Water Tube Boiler Packaged Boiler Fluidized Bed (FBC) Boiler Stoker Fired Boiler Pulverized Fuel Boiler Waste Heat Boiler Thermic Fluid Heater (not a boiler) 8 February 2023 20
- 21. 1. Fire Tube Boiler 8 February 2023 21 • Relatively small steam capacities (12,000 kg/hour) • Low to medium steam pressures (18 kg/cm2) • Operates with oil, gas or solid fuels
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- 23. 23 2. Water Tube Boiler Used for high steam demand and pressure requirements Capacity range of 4,500 – 120,000 kg/hour Combustion efficiency enhanced by induced draft provisions Lower tolerance for water quality and needs water treatment plant 8 February 2023
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- 25. 25 3. Packaged Boiler Oil Burner To Chimney • Comes in complete package • Features • High heat transfer • Faster evaporation • Good convective heat transfer • Good combustion efficiency • High thermal efficiency 8 February 2023
- 26. 26 4. Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler • Particles (e.g. sand) are suspended in high velocity air stream: bubbling fluidized bed. • Combustion at 840° – 950° C. • Capacity range 0.5 T/hr to 100 T/hr. • Fuels: coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse and agricultural wastes. • Benefits: compactness, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency, reduced SOx & Nox. 8 February 2023
- 27. PRINCIPLE OF FBC 8 February 2023 27
- 28. Atmospheric FBC boiler Most common FBC boiler that uses preheated atmospheric air as fluidization and combustion air 8 February 2023 28
- 29. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Boiler 8 February 2023 29
- 30. LA-MONT BOILER 8 February 2023 30
- 31. LA-MONT BOILER It is a forced circulation, high pressure water tube steam boiler. Circulation of water is maintained by a centrifugal pump which is driven by steam turbine. It consists of a steam separator drum, circulating pump, distributor header, evaporator, economizer, superheater and an air-pre heater. Steam separator drum is located outside the boiler. Capacity of the boiler is about 45 - 50 tonnes /hour of superheated steam at a pressure of 130 bar at 540˚ C.
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- 33. LOEFFLER BOILER The high pressure feed pump draws water supplies to economizer and heat is exchanged from hot exhaust gases to feed water. Hot water then enters into the evaporating drum and evaporated into saturated steam. Then it is drawn by steam circulating pump. Further it passes through the radiant and convective superheaters. Here the steam is heated to the required temperature of about 500˚ C. Its capacity is about 90-100 tonnes /hour at 150 bar.
- 35. It is high pressure, water tube drum-less boiler works on forced circulation which is maintained by a centrifugal pump. In this boiler, whole process of heating, steam formation and super heating are done in single continuous tube. Air preheater is used for preheating the air required for efficient combustion in the furnace. The capacity of this boiler is 150 tonnes/hour. The pressure and temperature of this boiler is 210 bar & 650˚ C. BENSON BOILER
- 36. Super critical boilers 8 February 2023 36
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- 38. STEAM POWER PLANTS RANKINE CYCLE 8 February 2023 38
- 39. RANKINE CYCLE 8 February 2023 39
- 40. PROCESSES 8 February 2023 40
- 41. • PROCESS de: i) Represents adiabatic pressurization ii) Raises the pressure from condenser pressure to boiler pressure iii) Slight rise in temperature of water during compression process 8 February 2023 41
- 42. Process ea • Represents constant pressure heat addition by the boiler to the water • Enthalpy increases by a large value during evaporation. • The final condition of steam may be 1.wet 2.dry saturated or 3.superheated depending upon the quantity of heat supplied to the boiler. 42
- 43. Process bc • Represents isentropic expansion of steam in the prime mover(turbine). • Work is done by the steam and the pressure of the steam falls down. • In this process the heat energy of the steam is converted into mechanical energy. • During this process external work is also developed. 8 February 2023 43
- 44. Process cd • It represents the condensation of steam coming out of the turbine in the condenser . • In this process, change of phase from vapour to liquid phase takes place at constant temperature. • During this process the pressure remains same. 8 February 2023 44
- 45. A Steam Power plant operating on Rankine cycle is supplied with dry saturated steam at 40 bar . The exhaust takes place at 0.05 bar. Determine a) Rankine cycle efficiency b) Work ratio c) Specific Steam Consumption
- 46. 8 February 2023 46 Const. pr heat addition
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- 48. 8 February 2023 48 h3 = 137.82
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- 51. 8 February 2023 51 A power plant using steam as working fluid operates on rankine cycle. The boiler and condenser pressures are 30 bar and 1 bar. The condition of steam entering the prime mover is dry and saturated. Find the thermal efficiency of the cycle neglecting the feed pump work and considering the feed pump work.
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- 69. COMBINED CYCLE 8 February 2023 69
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- 73. S.No . Thermal Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant 1 Large qty. of fuel is to be transported No fuel transportation & handling 2 Ash disposal is a major issue No ash disposal 3 More number of workers required Less number is sufficient 4 More land space is needed Less space is enough 5 Less efficient in full load condition More efficient in full load condition Thermal Power Plant Vs Nuclear Power Plant 8 February 2023 73