Units and Complex Units-
- 4. Advanced Grammar Supervisor: Dr. Hafiz M. Qasim Book: An introduction to Systemic Linguistics Structures and Systems M.A 4th Linguistics and Literature Government College University Faisalabad
- 6. Introduction Units Formal item have different size. The different sizes of formal items are called units. Units of grammar are much like the units of measurement like meters, centimeters. There are two ways to identify a unit: 1) by the part it plays in the structure of a larger unit 2) and also by its own structure The units of English grammar include the sentence, the clause, the group, the word and the morpheme
- 7. Unit: Clause Clause is a group of words that forms a part of a sentence, and has a subject and a predicate of its own. It can be identified by the part they play in the structure of a larger unit and also by their own structure. It can be dependent (β) or independent clause(α) in a sentence. It’s structure consists of one or more of the elements S, P, C, A. A pair of vertical lines is used to mark the boundary of a clause. Examples:
- 8. Continued Ex. 1 β A S P A When Aunt Jemima returned from Basingstoke, α S P C A Theodore met her at the station There are two clauses in this sentence. The first clause is dependent clause which has the structure A, S, P, A and the second is a independent which has the structure of S, P, C, A.
- 9. Continued Example 2: α α S P S P The sun shone, the bells rang α C P S and happy was the bride
- 10. Continued There three clauses in this sentence and all these clauses are independent clauses. The first two clauses have S, P structure but the third clause has C, P, S structure.
- 11. Different Point of View from Traditional Grammar about Clause Traditional grammar is different from traditional grammars in the realization of clause. For example: 1) Whistling merrily, he cycled down the road. 2) His job finished, he went home. 3) To win the prize, he must work harder Most traditional grammars would not consider the underlined sections of following the sentence as clauses but systemic grammar consider them as clauses because these sections have their own structure such as: Whistling merrily has P, A structure, His job finished has S, P Structure and To win the prize has P, C structure . So each has the kind of structure which is characteristic of a clause.
- 12. Continued And each underlined sections is acting as a β element in a sentence, just as is each underlined section of the following sentences: Ex. 1: John, who was whistling merrily, cycled down the road Ex.2: When his job was finished, he went home Ex. 3: If he is to win the prize, he must work harder Because of their structures and role in the sentence systemic grammar considers these underlined sections as clauses.
- 13. Unit: Group Group is the combination of words, that does not have complete sense is called group. There are four classes of groups. 1) Nominal group (m), h, (q) 2) Verbal group (a), (n), l, (e) 3) Prepositional group (o), p, c 4) Adverbial group (t), a, (l)
- 14. Continued Any group will be played the part of an S element, a P element, a C element or an A element in the structure of a clause. It will have a structure which consists of one or more of the elements m, h, q or one or more of the elements b, p, c or one or more of the elements a, v, e. .com A single vertical line is used to mark the boundary of a group. A S P C h h a v m h Yesterday I was visiting my sister There are four groups A, S, P, C.A in this sentence.
- 15. Continued Example 2 S P C m m h v m h Our next-door neighbor mended the fuse There are three groups in this sentence S, P, C.
- 16. Unit: Word Words are made up of morphemes Each word contains obligatory base element The elements of the word are m, h, q, b, p, c, a, v, e in the structure of a group. It can be represent by leaving space in words. Example: m h v m h The painters finished the room
- 17. Unit: Morpheme Morph is the smallest grammatical meaningful unit in language. It consists of bound and free morpheme. Bound morphemes may be inflectional or derivational Morpheme will be consist of one of the elements base, prefix, infix, suffix, ending, addition, in the structure of a word. Prefix: before root word Base: root word Suffix: after root word Ending: are inflectional like: s, es, d, ed Addition: are compound words, and in which hyphens are used. Infix: change of vowel, showing plurality, or past tense.
- 18. Continued The boundary of a morpheme is marked by the sign ‘+’ for example: in painter there are three morpheme. in going’s on has four morpheme. Base suffix ending Paint + er + s Base suffix ending addition Go + ing + s + on
- 19. Unit: sentence A group of words which makes complete sense. A sentence’s own structure will consist of one or more of the elements α, β. The structure of sentence consists of 4 elements: subject predicator, complement, adjunct. It is represented by three verticals lines. Example: β α When the night came, he was far from home
- 20. COMPLEX UNITS
- 21. What we are going to talk about: COMPLEX UNITS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED UNIT- COMPLEXES. COMPLEX GROUPS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED GROUP-COMPLEXES, COMPLEX WORDS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED WORD-COMPLEXES AND COMPLEX MORPHEMES ARE SOMETIMES CALLED MORPHEME-COMPLEXES.
- 22. Symbols or Abbreviations usually used for the elements of structure
- 23. A little more understanding: 1. SUBJECT (PERFORMER OR DOER IN A SENTENCE) 2. PREDICATOR (PROCESS OR ACTION ) 3. COMPLEMENT: A COMPLEMENT IS ONE OR MORE WORDS USED TO COMPLETE THE MEANING OF THE VERB IN THE SENTENCE. IT IS CONSIDERED PART OF THE PREDICATE. 4. ADJUNCT AN ADJUNCT IS PART OF A SENTENCE AND MODIFIES THE VERB TO SHOW TIME, MANNER, PLACE, FREQUENCY AND DEGREE, IT DEPENDS ON SOME OTHER FROM WORD OR PHRASE ESPECIALLY AND ELEMENT CLAUSE STRUCTURE ITS ADVERBIAL FUNCTION. SUBJECT PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT ADJUNCT He opened the door politely Some people sing operatic arias in their baths The cat scratched Aunt Jemima by accident These mistakes were very common last year.
- 24. Clause and its Major types: WHAT IS CLAUSE: 1. A GROUP OF WORDS THAT FORMS A PART OF A SENTENCE, AND HAS A SUBJECT AND A PREDICATE OF ITS OWN. 2. THE SMALLEST GRAMMATICAL UNIT THAT CAN EXPRESS A COMPLETE PROPOSITION. IT CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND A VERB. THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CLAUSES: • INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Ά • DEPENDENT CLAUSE Β
- 25. Independent clause ά A group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence. It has a subject, a verb and a complete thought. Example: They dance under the rain. Dependent /subordinate clause β: A group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but it is not a complete though. Because it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence; it is dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a sentence. Example: Because I woke up late this morning… (what happened?) When we arrived in class.. (what occurred?)
- 26. Sense of the Topic: Grammar Unit THE TOPIC CONSIST OF BASIC UNIT AND COMPLEX UNIT BASIC UNITS HAVE MULTIVARIATE STRUCTURE AND COMPLEX UNITS HAVE UNIVARIATE STRUCTURES
- 27. MULTIVARIATE STRUCTURES: MULTIVARIATE STRUCTURES ARE THOSE IN WHICH THERE ARE DIFFERENT KINDS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS. IN THE S, P, C, A KIND OF STRUCTURE FOR INSTANCE, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S AND P IS DIFFERENT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN C AND P, WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A AND P, WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S AND C, WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S AND A , WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN C AND A. FOLLOWING EXAMPLES CAN BE PUT BACK AND FORTH TO HAVE BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ABOVE MENTIONED COMBINATION OF S, P, C, A SUBJECT PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT ADJUNCT He opened the door politely Some people sing operatic arias in their baths The cat scratched Aunt Jemima by accident These mistakes were very common last year. Multivariate structure consist of: “the basic units, clause, group, word, have multivariate structures”
- 28. UNIVARIATE STRUCTURES: UNIVARIATE STRUCTURES ARE THOSE IN WHICH THERE IS ONLY ONE KIND OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS. EXAMPLE: • HIS HAIR, HIS BEARD, HIS SKIN, AND HIS CLOTHES WERE BRIGHT GREEN. • HE HUFFED AND HE PUFFED, TILL HE BLEW THE HOUSE DOWN. • THE MEN’S HALLS AND THE WOMEN’S HALLS UNIVARIATE STRUCTURES CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO FOLLOWING: 1. PARATACTIC UNIVARIATE STRUCTURES 2. HYPOTACTIC UNIVARIATE STRUCTURES. Univariate structure consist of: “Complex Units and sentences”
- 29. Paratactic Univariate Structure: • Paratactic is derived from a Greek word that means “to place side by side.” It can be defined as a rhetorical term in which phrases and clauses are placed one after another independently, without coordinating or subordinating them through the use of conjunctions. • The one kind of relationship existing between the elements has been a relationship of coordination. Examples: His hair, his beard, his skin, his clothes I came, I saw, I conquered.
- 30. Hypotactic Univariate Structure: • Hypotactic univariate is the opposite of Paratactic univariate. In Hypotactic univariate, the sentences, clauses, and phrases are subordinated and linked. • Hypotactic univariate structures, like paratactic univariate structures, have only one kind of relationship existing between their elements, but in this case the relationship is one of subordination. Example: • When night came, he was far from home. • Sandy MacTavish, from Glasgow, did not, to our surprise, have a Scottish accent. • He huffed and he puffed, till he blew the house down.
- 31. Paratactic univariate structure is further divided based on: • Relationship of co-ordination • Relationship of apposition • Equal status And it is known as “Appositional paratactic univariate” Example: That man, Owen Evans, is a footballer Explanation: Owen Evans is equated with that man by being juxtaposed to it. Owen Evans is said to be in apposition to that man.
- 32. Under Appositional paratactic univariate structure, some of the examples are of “Synonym Habit” Example: You were immured, restrained, captivated bound. Explanation: Immured, restrained, captivated are synonyms of equal status.
- 33. Summary: Units and Complex units
- 34. Unit Formal item are of different size. The different sizes of formal items are called Units. Role of Units: use for measurement as yards, feets and inches etc. Grammar Unit: Sentence, The clause, the group, the word etc. Role of Clause: ά (Alpha) β (Beta) clause. Example: If he is to win the prize, he work harder. He attends a Secondary School, which is near to his house.
- 35. Element of Clause and how to recognize Sentence, clause. Clauses has the structure of one or more elements as in first example has the structure of To win the prize has the structure of PC. Different structures has different elements as: m,h,q b,p,c a,v,e Boundary marker (Vertical lines): Single Vertical line: marking the boundary of group. Double Vertical line: marking the boundary of clause. Three Vertical line: marking the boundary of sentence. Example: He huffed and he puffed till he blew the house.
- 36. Difference between Units and Complex Units Complex Unit is a combination of two or more simple units. Example: ||The men’s halls and the women’s hall| are| on different sides of the campus||. Units Complex Units Multivariate Structure Univariate Structure/ recursive structure Different relationships between different elements One kind of relationship between the elements. Basic units, clause, group, words Complex units, including the sentence Successive layers of a structural tree to be occupied by complex units.
- 37. Uni-variate Structure Paratactic Uni-variate Hypotactic Uni-variate Elements of equal structure One kind of relationship between elements Relationship is subordinate. Example: The helpful, if dim, new assistant.