Unlocking the Essentials: Nature, Characteristics, and Methodologies of Research

NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH
CHAPTER 1

MEANING OF RESEARCH
• Research may be defined as a scientific
investigation of phenomena which includes the
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts, that link man’s
speculation with reality.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCHER
4 Characteristics of the researcher in conducting
research.
1. intellectual curiosity
2. prudence
3. healthy criticism
4. intellectual honesty

Characteristics of Reseacher
1. Intellectual curiosity
 The researcher has reflective thinking and
inquiry of the things around him. He is eager to
get information regarding his problem due to
novelty or unusualness.

2. Prudence
The researcher is conducting his research study at
the right time and right place wisely,
economically, and efficienty.

3. Healthy criticism
The researcher always doubts the truthfulness of
his findings even if the data are gathered honestly.

4. Intellectual honesty
The researcher is honest in collecting or gathering
the data or facts to arrive at honest results.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
6 Characteristics of research
1. empirical
2. logical
3. cyclical
4. analytical
5. replicability
6. critical

Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical - Research is based on direct
experience or observation alone by the
researcher.
2. Logical – research is conducted based on the
valid procedure or principles.
3. Cyclical – research is a cyclical process. Its
starts with a problem.

4. Analytical – research applies analytic
procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, and case
study.
5. Replicability – the research design and
procedures are replicated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid conclusive results.
6. Critical – research exhibits careful and precise
judgment.

Research Defined and Described
“Research is the systematic approach to
obtaining and confirming new and reliable
knowledge”
– Systematic and orderly (following a series of
steps)
– Purpose is new knowledge, which must be
reliable
This is a general definition which applies to
all disciplines
11

Notice that:
“… truth was not used in the definition of
research” (p 16)
“This concept of truth is outside of the productive
realm of thinking by researchers” (p 16)
12

Research is not
Accidental discovery :
1. Accidental discovery may occur in structured
research process
2. Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not
previously noticed
3. May lead to a structured research process to
verify or understand the observation
13

Research is not … cont.
Data Collection
• an intermediate step to gain reliable knowledge
• collecting reliable data is part of the research
process
14

Research is not … cont.
Searching out published research results in
libraries (or the internet)
• This is an important early step of research
• The research process always includes synthesis
and analysis
• But, just reviewing of literature is not research
15

Research is…
1. Searching for explanation of events,
phenomena, relationships and causes
– What, how and why things occur
– Are there interactions?
2. A process
– Planned and managed – to make the
information generated credible
– The process is creative
– It is circular – always leads to more questions
16

• All well designed and conducted research has
potential application.
• Failure to see applications can be due to:
– Users not trained or experienced in the specialized
methods of economic research and reasoning
– Researchers often do not provide adequate
interpretations and guidance on applications of the
research
• Researchers are responsible to help users
understand research implications
(How?)
17

Public good
• Public research is a public good
– May be more rigorous and objective because it is
subject to more scrutiny
• Private research may also be rigorous
– But research on a company’s product may be
questioned as biased.
18

TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Pure research – this is also called “basic
research” or “fundamental research.” Example
of pure researches are the ff.
• Archimedes’ principles
• Newton’s law
• Hooke’s law
• Boyle’s law
• Charles’ law

2. Applied research
this is the application of scientific knowledge to
the solution of a problem. In this type of research,
the problem is identified and a new system or new
method is applied in order to solve the problem.

3. Action research
 this is a decision-oriented research where it
involves the application of the steps of scientific
method in response to an immediate need for
improvement of the existing practices.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
1. LIBRARY RESEARCH – research is conducted
in the library in such a way that answers to the
specific question/problems of the research study
are available in the library.
2. FIELD RESEARCH – research is conducted in a
natural setting.
3. LABORATORY RESEARCH – the research is
conducted in artificial or controlled conditions
by isolating the study in a rigorously specified
and operationalized area.

RESEARCH AS WAY OF PROGRESS
CHAPTER 2

Teacher as Facilitator of Research
MODERN TEACHER
M- model T- talented
O- obedient E- efficient
D- dedicated A- active
E- economical C- creative
R- resourceful H- honest
N- noble E- effective
R- research-oriented

LEADER
L- love
E- enthusiastic
A- active
D- decisive
E- economical

FOLLOWER
F- faithful
O- obedient
L- loyal
L- love
O- obligate
W- workable
E- enthusiastic

VALUES OF RESEARCH TO MAN
1. Research has improved the quality of life.
2. Research has improved instructions.
3. Research has improved student’s achievement.
4. Research has satisfied man’s needs.
5. Research has reduced the burden of work.
6. Research as deep-seated psychological aspects.
7. Research has improved exportation of food
products.

USES OF HISTORICAL METHODS
1. Historical method has searched the past for
solutions to problems and needs.
2. It is used to throw light in the present
3.It gives people a sense of continuity of the past
to the present.
4. It enables communities to grasp their
relationship with the past to the current issues.
5.By chronicling events of enduring worth which
confers upon the individual person
consciousness of unity and a feeling of the
importance of human achievements

MAJOR STEPS OF HISTORICAL METHODS
1.Collection of data, with consideration of
documents and remains or relics of primary and
secondary source, of bibliographical procedure,
and or organization.
2.Criticism of the data collected, including the
processes of external criticism and internal
criticism
3.Presentation of the facts in readable form,
involving problems of organization, composition,
exposition, and interpretation.

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
PRIMARY SOURCES
* The documents
* The remains
SECONDARY SOURCES
* Material as history of education
* Bibliographies
* Encyclopedias

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
It is the study focuses at the present
condition the purpose is to find new truth

TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
1. Descriptive-survey
2. Descriptive –normative survey
3. Descriptive-status
4. Descriptive-analysis
5. Descriptive-classification
6. Descriptive-evaluative
7.Descriptive-comparative
8. Correlational survey
9. Longitudinal survey

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
It is a problem-solving approach that the
study is describe in the future on what will be
when certain variables are carefully controlled or
manipulated

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
1. Single-group
2. Parallel-group design
3. Counter-balance design
4. Pretest-posttest group design
5. Complete randomized design

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