Use of bitumen in tank foundation and as a joint filling material
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This document defines bitumen and describes its properties and composition. It is a viscous liquid or solid consisting mainly of hydrocarbons that is obtained through petroleum refining or found naturally. The document discusses how bitumen is used in construction applications like roads, waterproofing, and joint fillers. It also addresses the environmental and health impacts of bitumen production and alternatives to reduce pollution.
Use of bitumen in tank foundation and as a joint filling material
- 1. PREPARED BY- ASHISH KUMAR YADAV AMIT KUMAR ANKIT RAJPUT CHANDRASHEKHAR SHARMA YOGESH PACHAURI GUIDED BY- RAJIV GARG Dr. PRATAP SINGH
- 2. Bitumen is defined as “A viscous liquid, or a solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, softens gradually when heated. It is black or brown in colour & possesses waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is obtained by refinery processes from petroleum, and is also found as a natural deposit or as a component of naturally occurring asphalt”.
- 3. Molecular weight wise, bitumen is a mixture of about 300 - 2000 chemical components, with an average of around 500 - 700. Elementally, it is around 95% carbon and hydrogen (± 87% carbon and ± 8% hydrogen), and up to 5% sulphur, 1% nitrogen, 1% oxygen and 2000ppm metals. also contain several elements, a number of which are toxic.
- 4. Adhesion: Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a solid surface in a fluid state depending on the nature of the surface. The presence of water on the surface will prevent adhesion. Resistance to Water: Bitumen is water resistant. Under some conditions water may be absorbed by minute quantities of inorganic salts in the bitumen or filler in it. Hardness: To measure the hardness of bitumen, the penetration test is conducted, which measures the depth of penetration in tenths of mm. of a weighted needle in bitumen after a given time, at a known temperature. Commonly a weight of 100 gm is applied for 5 sec at a temperature of 77 °F. The penetration is a measure of hardness. Typical results are 10 for hard coating asphalt, 15 to 40 for roofing asphalt and up to 100 or more for water proofing bitumen.
- 5. Viscosity and Flow: The viscous or flow properties of bitumen are of importance both at high temperature during processing and application and at low temperature to which bitumen is subjected during service. The flow properties of bitumen vary considerably with temperature and stress conditions. Deterioration, or loss of the desirable properties of bitumen, takes the form of hardening.
- 6. Produced by fractional distillation of crude oil. Crude oil heated at 300-350°c in distillation column .lighter fraction separated at different column ht. Bottom product called long residue long residue heated upto 450°c in vacuum distillation column .bottom residue used for manufacturing bitumen
- 8. TYPE- Penetration Grade Bitumen 80/100 Bitumen 60/70 Bitumen 30/40 Industrial grade bitumen Cutback Bitumen Emulsion Modified Bitumen Viscosity grade Bitumen USE- In construction of roads , runways & platforms . In water proofing. In canal lining to prevent erosion. Damp proof courses for masonry. Mastic flooring for factories & godowns . In tank foundation. As a joint filling material for mason.
- 9. Penetration Grade Bitumen 80/100: The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 90 grade of IS-73-1992. This is the softest of all grades available in India. This is suitable for low volume roads and is still widely used in the country. Bitumen 60/70: This grade is harder than 80/100 and can withstand higher traffic loads. The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 65 grade of IS- 73-1992. It is presently used mainly in construction of National Highways & State Highways. Bitumen 30/40: This is the hardest of all the grades and can withstand very heavy traffic loads. The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 35 grade of IS-73-1992. Bitumen 30/40 is used in specialized applications like airport runways and also in very heavy traffic volume roads in coastal cities in the country. Industrial grade bitumen. Industrial grade bitumen is also known as blown bitumen. This is obtained by blowing air into hot bitumen at high temperatures (normally beyond 1800°C). Blowing hot air into bitumen at high temperatures results in structural changes in bitumen. Cutback Cutback is a free flowing liquid at normal temperatures and is obtained by fluxing bitumen with suitable solvents. The viscosity of bitumen is reduced substantially by adding kerosene or any other solvent.
- 10. Bitumen Emulsion Bitumen emulsions are products in which tiny droplets (the dispersed phase) of bitumen or bituminous binder are dispersed in an aqueous medium (the continuous phase). The bitumen particle charge can be positive (cationic), negative (anionic), or uncharged (non-ionic) depending on the emulsifier employed. The binder can be either a bitumen, cutback, or modified bitumen. Modified Bitumen Modified Bitumen are bitumen with additives. These additives help in further enhancing the properties of bituminous pavements. Pavements constructed with Modified Bitumen last longer which automatically translates into reduced overlays. Viscosity grade Bitumen The new method of grading the product has now rested on the viscosity of the Bitumen (at 600°C and 1350°C).
- 11. Use of Bitumen in Tank Foundation- A smooth Bitumen-sand mix of minimum 50 mm thickness shall be hot laid over the foundations for weather proofing/weather protection and to provide a sufficiently firm layer. This surfacing shall also be required to retard corrosion of the tank bottom. The Bitumen-sand mix shall be such as for the bitumen to just wet the sand. A suitable bitumen-sand can be produced by hot-mixing in the following proportions by mass: 9 ± 0.5% (m/m) non-toxic cut back bitumen (i.e. fluxed with kerosine ) 10 ± 1.0% (m/m) filler: either limestone dust passing a sieve of nominal aperture size 75 μm complying with ordinary Portland cement .
- 12. Use of Bitumen as a Joint filling material- Bitumen used as a joint filling material for masonry work which is capable of expansion and contraction, generally placed between two slabs. In the construction of runways, roads and buildings, involving the casting of concrete in slab form, provision must be made to accommodate the expansion and contraction which occurs with seasonal variation in temperature. It permits free movement of the concrete slab in expansion and contraction. It also resist entry of foreign matter into the joint space thereby avoiding interference with the free movement of the slabs under expansion and thus preventing damage to the slab. It is useful in all types of concrete construction in both interior and exterior applications.
- 14. Bitumen processing and Bitumen manufacturing facilities are major sources of hazardous air pollutants. Areas surrounding the refineries - where a higher proportion of society's vulnerable minority, aging and poor communities live - exhibit intense levels of sulphur dioxide (SO2) as a result of the high sulphur content of bitumen feed stocks used in the process. Sulphur dioxide pollution is associated with asthma and heart disease. According to one health agency, Bituminous fumes contain substances known to cause cancer, can cause coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath, severe irritation of the skin, headaches, dizziness, and nausea.
- 15. To study the environmental impact of bitumen when used in tank foundation and as a joint filling material in masonry work. Identification of pollutants and determination of distribution pattern of contaminates in premises of petro-chemical areas. Develop & design a system and recommendation for the minimization of pollutants in petro-chemical areas.
- 16. We have chosen 4 sites ; dolphin waterworld , runakta , Mathura refinery and Fatehpur sikri. We have taken air sample , water sample and plant sample at all of four sites. Analyze these samples. Study the presence of bitumen on these sites.
- 18. To reduce these impacts………. And introduce some alternatives………..
- 19. Wikipedia iocl.com www.bituchem.com IS :73-1992 www.google.co.in