LPWA networks aim to connect a massive number of IoT devices in a cost-effective way. However, LPWA demand has not yet lived up to expectations due to high device and module costs, lack of scalability and interoperability, and the need for open labs. While NB-IoT brings more supply at lower prices, accelerating plans to lower end-to-end service prices is also key to shifting demand. Telefonica has been validating LPWA demand over the past two years by working with customers on flagship use cases like metering, urban infrastructure, security, asset tracking, and industrial processes. Telefonica's primary LPWA bet is on NB-IoT but it will also