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Index
Definition of standard
Steps in standard costing
Types of standards
Variance
Types of variance
Variance Analysis
Advantages &disadvantages of Std costing
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Standard
It’s a norm or bench mark
It is useful for comparison
it may indicate minimum quality
Eg. Standard of passing
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Standard Cost
An estimated or pre-determined
cost of performing an operation
or producing a good or service,
under normal conditions.
It is used as a basis for cost
control through variance analysis.
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It is chosen to serve as a
It is chosen to serve as a
benchmark in the standard
benchmark in the standard
costing/ budgetary control
costing/ budgetary control
system. It is a budget for the
system. It is a budget for the
production of one unit of product
production of one unit of product
or service.
or service.
Standard Cost
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Standard Cost
It is a pre-determined cost which
is calculated from management’s
standards of efficient operation
and the relevant necessary
expenditure.
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Standard Costing
It is a cost accounting technique
It is a cost accounting technique
for cost control
for cost control
where standard costs are
where standard costs are
determined and compared with
and compared with
actual costs, to initiate corrective
actual costs, to initiate corrective
action.
action.
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Standard Costing
It is a control method involving
It is a control method involving
the preparation of detailed cost
the preparation of detailed cost
and sales budgets
and sales budgets.
A management tool used to
A management tool used to
facilitate management by
facilitate management by
exception.
exception.
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Set the standard cost
A standard quantity is
predetermined and standard
price per unit is estimated.
Budgeted cost is calculated by
using standard cost.
Steps in
Standard
Costing
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• Record the actual cost
Calculate actual quantity and
cost incurred giving full details.
Steps in
Standard
Costing
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Variance Analysis
Comparison of the actual cost
with the budgeted cost.
The cost variance is used in
controlling cost.
Steps in
Standard
Costing
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Variance Analysis
Take suitable corrective action.
Fix responsibilities to ensure
compliance
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Variance Analysis
Create effective control system.
Resetting the budget, if required.
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Types of
standards
Ideal Standards:
These represents the level of
performance attainable when prices for
material and labour are most favorable,
when the highest output is achieved
with the best equipment and layout and
when maximum efficiency in utilization
of resources results in maximum output
with minimum cost.
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Normal Standards: These are the
standards that may be achieved under
normal operating conditions. The
normal activity has been defined as
number of standard hours which will
produce normal efficiency sufficient
goods to meet the average sales
demand over a term of years.
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Basic or Bogey standards: These
standards are use only when they are
likely to remain constant or unaltered over
long period. According to this standard, a
base year is chosen for comparison
purposes in the same way as statistician
use price indices.
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Basic or Bogey standards: When basic
standards are in use, variances are not
calculated as the difference between
standard and actual cost. Instead, the
actual cost is expressed as a percentage of
basic cost.
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Current Standard: These standards reflect
the management’s anticipation of what
actual cost will be for the current period.
These are the costs which the business will
incur if the anticipated prices are paid for
goods and services and the usage
corresponds to that believed to be
necessary to produce the planned output.
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Variance
The difference between standard
cost and actual cost of the actual
output is defined as Variance. A
variance may be favourable or
unfavourable.
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Variance
If the actual cost is less than the
standard cost, the variance is
favourable and if the actual cost is
more than the standard cost, the
variance will be unfavourable.
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It is not enough to know the figures
of these variances in fact it is
required to trace their origin and
causes of occurrence for taking
necessary remedial steps to reduce /
eliminate them.
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Variance -
Types
The purpose of standard costing reports is
to investigate the reasons for significant
variances so as to identify the problems
and take corrective action. Variances are
broadly of two types, namely, controllable
and uncontrollable.
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Controllable variances are those which
can be controlled by the departmental
heads whereas uncontrollable variances
are those which are beyond their control.
If uncontrollable variances are of
significant nature and are persistent, the
standards may need revision.
Controllable
Variance
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Variance
Analysis
Variance analysis is the dividing
of the cost variance into its
components to know their
causes, so that one can
approach for corrective
measures.
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Variance
Analysis
Variances of Efficiency:
Variance arising due to the
effectiveness in use of material
quantities, labour hours. Here
actual quantities are compared
with predetermined standards.
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Variances of Price Rates:
Variances arising due to change in
unit material prices, standard
labour hour rates and standard
allowances for indirect costs. Here
actual prices are compared with
predetermined ones.
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Variances of Due to Volume:
Variance due to effect of difference between actual
activity and the level of activity estimated when the
standard was set.
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Reasons of
Material
Variance
Change in Basic price
Fail to purchase anticipated standard
quantities at appropriate price
Use of sub-standard material
Ineffective use of materials
Pilferage
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Material
Variance
Material Cost Variance
Material Cost Variance= (Standard Quantity
= (Standard Quantity
X Standard Price) –(Actual Qty X Act Price)
X Standard Price) –(Actual Qty X Act Price)
Material Price Variance
Material Price Variance= Actual Quantity
= Actual Quantity
(Standard Price - Actual Price)
(Standard Price - Actual Price)
Material Usage Variance
Material Usage Variance=Standard Price
=Standard Price
(Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)
(Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)
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Reasons of
Labour Variance
Time Related Issues
Change in design and quality standard
Low Motivation
Poor working conditions
Improper scheduling/placement of labour
Inadequate Training
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Reasons of
Labour Variance
Rate Related Issues
Increments / high labour wages
Overtime
Labour shortage leading to higher rates
Union agreement
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Labour Variance
Labour Cost Variance=
(Standard Hrs X Standard Rate Per Hour) –
(Actual Hrs X Actual Rate Per Hour)
Labour Rate Variance=
Actual Hrs (Standard Rate - Actual Rate)
Labour efficiency Variance=
Standard Rate (Std Hrs - Actual Hrs worked)
Idle Time Variance= Idle Hours X Std Rate
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Reasons of
Overheads
Variance
Under or over absorption of fixed
overheads
Fall in demand/ Improper planning
Breakdowns /Power Failure
Labour issues
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Reasons of
Overheads
Variance
Inflation
Lack of planning
Lack of cost control
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Variable
Overheads
(OH)
Variance
Variable OH Cost Variance=
(Standard Hrs X Standard Variable
OH Rate) – Actual OH Cost
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Variable
OH
Variance
Variable OH Expenditure Variance=
(Actual Hrs X Standard Variable OH
Rate) – Actual OH Cost
Variable OH Efficiency Variance=
(Standard Hrs - Actual Hrs) X Standard
Variable OH Rate
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Fixed
Overheads
(OH)
Variance
Fixed OH Cost Variance=
Absorbed OH – Actual OH
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Fixed
Overheads
(OH)
Variance
Absorbed OH =
Actual Units * Standard OH Rate
per unit
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Advantages
of Standard
Costing
Advantages
Basis for sensible cost
comparisons
Employment of management by
exception
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Means of performance
evaluation for employees
Result in more stable product
cost
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Disadvantages
of Standard
Costing
Disadvantages
Too comprehensive hence time-
consuming
Precise estimation of prices or
rates is difficult
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Requires continuous revision with
frequent changes in technology/
market trends
Focus on cost minimization rather
than quality or innovation.
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Material
Variance
Material Cost Variance
Material Cost Variance
Material Price Variance
Material Price Variance
Material Usage Variance
Material Usage Variance
Can we sub-divide Usage Variance ?
Can we sub-divide Usage Variance ?
What are its causes, when we have more
What are its causes, when we have more
than one Raw Material ?
than one Raw Material ?
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Material
Variance
Material Cost Variance
Material Cost Variance
Material Price Variance
Material Price Variance
Material Usage Variance
Material Usage Variance
Material Yield Variance
Material Yield Variance
Material Mix Variance
Material Mix Variance
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Material
Variance
Material Cost Variance
Material Cost Variance= (Standard Quantity
= (Standard Quantity
X Standard Price) –(Actual Qty X Act Price)
X Standard Price) –(Actual Qty X Act Price)
Material Price Variance
Material Price Variance= Actual Quantity
= Actual Quantity
(Standard Price - Actual Price)
(Standard Price - Actual Price)
Material Usage Variance
Material Usage Variance=Standard Price
=Standard Price
(Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)
(Standard Quantity - Actual Quantity)
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Material
Variance
Material Yield Variance
Material Yield Variance= (Std Input Qty-
= (Std Input Qty-
Actual Input Qty)*Std Price of Std Input
Actual Input Qty)*Std Price of Std Input
Material Mix Variance
Material Mix Variance= Standard Price
= Standard Price
(Revised Standard Quantity - Actual
(Revised Standard Quantity - Actual
Quantity)
Quantity)
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Fixed
Overheads
(OH)
Variance
Fixed OH Cost Variance=
Absorbed OH – Actual OH
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Fixed
Overheads
(OH)
Variance
Absorbed OH =
Actual Units * Standard OH Rate
per unit
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Material
Variance
F OH Cost Variance
F OH Cost Variance
F OH Expenditure Variance
F OH Expenditure Variance
F OH Volume Variance
F OH Volume Variance
Can we sub-divide Volume Variance ?
Can we sub-divide Volume Variance ?
What are its causes, why may volume vary ?
What are its causes, why may volume vary ?
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Fixed OH
Variance
Fixed OH Efficiency Variance=
Standard OH Rate per hour (Standard Hrs
- Actual Hrs)
Fixed OH Capacity Variance=
Standard OH Rate per hour (Budgeted Hrs
- Actual Hrs)
