Vehicle pollution control and traffic management

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 588
VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
J.N.Mohite1
, S.S.Barote2
1
Asst professor, Department of electronics, M.S.S.C.E.T Jalna, India
2
Student, Department of electronics, M.S.S.C.E.T Jalna, India
Abstract
In developing countries the new emerging problem is pollution emission through vehicles. This problem is largely occurring in
metro cities like Mumbai, Delhi and Pune etc. to control the pollution the monitoring system needs to develop. There are various
projects on the pollution emission monitoring in various countries but due to the technological, economical differences of
developed countries and developing countries these projects cannot be implemented in developing countries. Another aspect of
system is cost, the cost of system should be low this can be achieve by using low cost components like ZIGBEE. In this paper a
cost effective solution to monitor vehicle pollution and automatic traffic management is discussed. The problems regarding multi
tagging, efficiency of on board device can be overcome by proposed system. This system provides traffic management without
adding further cost.
Keywords: ZIGBEE, PUC, MY SQL, SIAM and vehicle pollution monitoring.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Now a day’s number vehicles are increasing day by day. In
cities like Pune, Mumbai and Delhi number of vehicles is far
more. Due to incomplete combustion in the engine of a
vehicle the pollution through vehicle increases. In US 27%
of co2 emission occurred through vehicles [1].as shown in
pie chart.
Chart-1:CO2 emission due to different sources [1].
Day by day number of vehicles are increasing tends to
increase co2. According to Mumbai pollution control board
logs, pollution levels particularly NOX, and SPM suspended
particulate matter increased rapidly.SPM shot up to as high
as 286µgram/cubic meter and NOX 211µgram/cubic meter.
SPM anything above 100 µgram/cubic meter and NOX
88µgram/cubic meter is very bad for health. The main
sources of pollution in metro cities are vehicles. The SIAM
(society of Indian Automobile manufacturers) has scenario
is as follows In India, the idle emission test has been
introduced since mid eighties.co emission through vehicles
has been tested with limit 3%. A vehicle with improper
combustion is in most cases likely to fail the idle CO test.
Thus the vehicle could be advised to go to a workshop for
suitable maintenance. From October 2004 HC (hydro
carbon) is also measured. PUC vehicles are used to measure
vehicle emission but this is very time consuming method.
The system need to develop which will measure pollution
through vehicles without taking time of vehicle owner.
There are two ways either to use RFID or ZIGBEE [2]. The
problem is regarding RFID as the range of RFID is problem.
If we used high power RFID then cost increases i.e. for
100m RFID cost is 15000.so cost of the system also
increases. So system should be developing to reduce the cost
of whole system. So instead of using RFID we will use the
ZIGBEE module which reduces the cost of system and will
cover more area. This report consists of five chapters. The
first chapter is dedicated to introduction where objective of
project is discussed. The second chapter is dedicated to
literature survey. Focusing on history related to this project.
Third chapter gives information to all project components
and there interconnection to form the project. In fourth
chapter traffic management through system is discussed. In
fifth chapter advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Conclusion of this project discussed in sixth chapter.
2. RELATED WORK
Recently, different pollution control systems discussed in
literatures. In 2014 “Application of RFID Technology and
the Maximum Spanning Tree Algorithm for Solving
Vehicle Emissions in Cities on Internet of Things” presented
by chi-man vong in this paper a pollution control system for
developed countries is discussed the system consist of RFID
tag to which the lambda sensor is connected through analog
to digital converter. The lambda sensor mounted on exhaust
pipe to measure air ratio when air ratio is less than one
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission will increased
and when air ratio greater than one more nitrogen oxide will

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be produced. This value is read by RFID reader. This RFID
tag transfer data to another RFID unit. This module is
connected to the 3G card through which data is send to the
database server where all the data with date is available. The
standards and received data from the vehicles are compared
if the standards does not match with the data then message is
generated and send to the vehicle owner. In this paper for
mounting of the RFID tag efficiently by using maximum
spanning tree algorithm is also discussed which help us to
mount RFID tag on minimum traffic junctions and covers
large traffic [2]. The second paper Automated System for
Air Pollution Detection and Control in Vehicles presented
by Anita kulkarni, T. Ravi Teja. In this paper on board
pollution control system discussed. If pollution through
vehicles crosses predefined standards then this system stops
vehicle and message generated and sent to specific number
which is stored in GSM module problem [3]. Another paper
presented called etc assisted traffic light control scheme for
reducing vehicles co2 emissions by chunxiao li and shigeru
shimamoto. In this paper author presents a vehicle’s CO2
emission reduction scheme by an ETC-assisted real-time
traffic light control scheme in vehicular networks. Using
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) devices traffic at each
junction can be find out. ETC devices communicate with
signals at each junction. With the help of this
communication traffic at each junction is obtained [4].
Comparison of previous system and proposed system is
given in following table.
Table -1: Comparison of proposed system with previous
system
Sr.
no.
Features WF-
IOT[2]
IJARE
EIE[3]
IJMIT
[4]
Proposed
system
1 Monitor
pollution
through
vehicles
Yes Yes No Yes
2 Traffic
managem
ent
No No Yes Yes
3 CO2
emission
reduction
No No yes Yes
4 cost Low High High Low
Bharat stage emission standard are emission standards
instituted by government of India which regulate the output
of air pollutants through vehicles. In India nationwide
Bharat stage III standards are followed nationwide and
Bharat stage IV standards are followed in metro cities.
3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
The pollution control and traffic management system has
low cost, efficient and also reduce co2 emission through
vehicles by reducing stand by time. This system is divided
into three parts.
1. On board unit(OBU)
2. Road side unit(RSU)
3. Server side unit(SSU)
3.1 On Board Unit (OBU)
Fig 1 shows on board unit. The on board unit consist of
sensors, ADC, microcontroller and ZIGBEE module. In this
unit the CO, NO, SO sensor is used to collect the data of
pollution due to the vehicle. This data fed to ADC analog to
digital converter which converts all analog data to digital
data. This digital data afterwards fed to microcontroller.
Microcontroller in each vehicle contains specific identity
number. Data along with identity number transfer to the
ZIGBEE module. Then it transmits towards road side unit.
ZIGBEE Feature Set is designed to support smaller
networks with hundreds of devices in a single network. The
ZIGBEE specification enhances the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
by adding network and security layers and an application
framework. From this foundation, Alliance developed
standards, technically referred to as public application
profiles, can be used to create a multi-vendor interoperable
solutions. There are three categories of nodes in a ZIGBEE
system. They are Coordinator, Router and End devices.
Coordinator Forms the root of the network tree and might
bridge to other networks. There is exactly one coordinator in
each network. It is responsible for initiating the network and
selecting the network parameters such as radio frequency
channel, unique network identifier and setting other
operational parameters. It can also store the information
about network, security keys. Router acts as intermediate
nodes, relaying data from other devices. Router can connect
to an already existent network, also able to accept
connections from other devices and be some kind of re-
transmitters to the network. Network may be extended
through the use of ZIGBEE routers. End Device can be
low-power /battery-powered devices. They can collect
information from sensors and switches. They have sufficient
functionality to talk to their parents (either the coordinator
or a router) and cannot relay data from other devices. This
reduced functionality allows for the potential to reduce their
cost. They support better low power models. These devices
do not have to stay awake the whole time, while the devices
belonging to the other two categories have to. Each end
device can have up to 240 end nodes which are separate
applications sharing the same radio. The acknowledgement
is generated from road side unit as soon as the road side unit
receives the data from on board unit. This acknowledgement
makes the on board unit to send only identity number
towards road side unit to monitor traffic. This facility
increases the efficiency of system. As the on board unit uses
8 bit microcontroller and ZIGBEE module the cost of on
board unit is very low.

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Fig-1: On board unit
Data flow in on board unit is given below,
Fig-2: flow chat of on board unit
3.2 Road Side Unit (RSU)
Fig 3 shows road side unit the road side unit is mounted on
the traffic signals. In this unit the ZIGBEE module receives
data from on board unit which consist of information
regarding pollution and identity number of vehicle. As soon
as it receives data it will generate the acknowledgment
toward vehicle of specific id. This data is fed to the Arduino
module to send data on specific port with the help of GPRS
shield. The ZIGBEE module helps to extend coverage area
and gather all information in real time with low cost. The
road side unit not only sends information of pollution
through vehicles but also traffic threshold value at that
junction. This information is used for traffic management
purpose.
Fig-3: Road side unit
3.3 Server Side Unit (SSU)
Fig 4 shows Server side unit which consist of database at
server. This database consists of data regarding pollution
standards and vehicle owner identity. The data base is stored
with the help of MY SQL. Server will compare original
standard with data from vehicle. If pollution overcomes
predefined value a message will generate in the favor of
vehicle owner to convey him his vehicle not working
properly.
Fig-4: Server side unit
Traffic control system is a part of SSU used to control traffic
flow according to traffic threshold value. Data flow in
server side unit is given by,

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Fig-5: Flow chart of SSU
4. TRAFFIC CONTROL
4.1 Traffic Threshold
Vehicle traffic is a major problem in metro cities. The traffic
can be monitored with the help of proposed system. at each
signal road side unit is mounted. Each road side unit gives
information regarding number of vehicles at that point. The
threshold at each road side unit is calculated above which
stand by time for vehicle is greater than the normal stand by
time. Threshold formula given by
¥ = α / β
Where ¥ - threshold value, α - number of vehicles present at
road side unit, β – pre defined number of vehicles.
If threshold is one or less than one then stand by time is
normal stand by time and hence traffic at specific junction is
normal. If threshold is greater than one number of vehicles
are more and hence traffic. The value of threshold is
calculated at each road side unit. This threshold value then
transfer to server side unit vie GPRS shield.
4.2 Traffic Signal Control
At server side unit, once traffic threshold of road side unit is
received then traffic signal is controlled according to value
of traffic threshold. Various situations may occur at traffic
signal. Some of them are addressed in this paper. Consider a
traffic junction having threshold values A, B, C and D.
Case 1: when threshold value of A greater than one and
other B, C and D has value less than or equal to 0.25 then
extend green phase time of signal having threshold value A
and reduce green phase time of B, C, D.
Case 2: When A, B, C and D values are near to one with
20% tolerance. Then the signal green phase time should be
same as predefined time.
Case 3: When value A, B is greater than 1 and value C, D is
less than 0.5 then green phase time at point having threshold
value A, B is extended.
Fig-6: Traffic flow
5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
5.1 Advantage
The main advantage of this system is reducing the cost of
the system so vehicle owner will ready to mount the system
on his vehicle. As the ZIGBEE is used for wireless
communication between on board unit and road side unit so
range problem is overcome through the system. Co2
emission occurred in vehicle more when vehicle tends to on
at study position which maximum time occurred at signal so
Co2 emission reduced by controlling traffic effectively. The
problem of multi tagging is also solved in this system. Issues
regarding security can be overcome as only id and pollution
data has been sent.
5.2 Disadvantage
As the system requires database of vehicle owner so to
implement the system willingness of government required.
6. CONCLUSION
This system is cost effective solution for vehicle emission
problem and can be used for other application once it
mounted on vehicle. By effectively managing traffic co2
reduction can be done also as the data regarding all vehicle
owners is in server so it can be utilized for further
application. A ZIGBEE tag is used to collect information
regarding emission and then this information transferred to
ZIGBEE receiver which is situated at the signal from where

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it sends information to server and then the values of
emission compared and message sends to vehicle owner.
The owner of vehicle has to repair the vehicle within next
three message else next message of vehicle number will
send to respected authority So the engine health conveyed to
vehicle owner without taking his time.
REFERENCES
[1] www.epa.gov.
[2] Chi-Man Vong “Application of RFID Technology
and the Maximum Spanning Tree Algorithm for
Solving Vehicle Emissions in Cities on Internet of
Things” 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of
Things (WF-iot)
[3] Anita kulkarni1, T. Ravi Teja ”Automated System
for Air Pollution Detection and Control in Vehicles ”
/ijareeie.2014.0309061
[4] Chunxiao LI and Shigeru shimamoto “Etc assisted
traffic light control scheme for reducing vehicles”
International Journal of Managing Information
Technology (IJMIT) Vol.4, No.2, May 2012.
[5] Areas Srinivas Devarakonda, Parveen Sevusu,
Hongzhang Liu, Ruilin Liu, Liviu Iftode, Badri Nath
“Real-time Air Quality Monitoring Through Mobile
Sensing in Metropolitan”
[6] Darshana N. Tambe and Ms. Nikita Chavan
“Detection of air pollutant using ZIGBEE”
International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous
Computing (IJASUC) Vol.4, No.4, August 2013
[7] A Distributed Algorithm for Spanning Trees R. G.
Gallager, P. A. Humblet Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
[8] Akshay Kanwar, Aditi Khazanchi ” ZIGBEE: The
New Bluetooth Technology” International Journal Of
Engineering And Computer Science ISSN:2319-7242
Volume1 Issue 2 Nov 2012 Page No. 67-74
[9] Nisha Ashok Somani 1 and Yask Patel 2 “ZIGBEE: a
low power wireless technology for industrial
applications” International Journal of Control Theory
and Computer Modeling (IJCTCM) Vol.2, No.3,
May 2012 DOI : 10.5121/ijctcm.2012.2303 27
[10] Kwang Soo Yoo” Gas Sensors for Monitoring Air
Pollution” Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Seoul, Korea.
[11] www.wikipedia.com

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