Viscosity kinematic vs dynamic

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Absolute, Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Dynamic, absolute and kinematic viscosities - convert between CentiStokes (cSt), centipoises (cP), Saybolt Universal Seconds
(SSU) and degree Engler
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Viscosity is an important fluid property when analyzing liquid behavior and fluid motion near solid boundaries. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to
gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. The shear resistance in a fluid is caused by inter-molecular friction exerted when layers of fluid attempt to slide by
one another.
• viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
• molasses is highly viscous
• water is medium viscous
• gas is low viscous
There are two related measures of fluid viscosity
• dynamic (or absolute)
• kinematic
Dynamic (absolute) Viscosity
Absolute viscosity - coefficient of absolute viscosity - is a measure of internal resistance. Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the tangential force per unit area required to
move one horizontal plane with respect to an other plane - at an unit velocity - when maintaining an unit distance apart in the fluid.
The shearing stress between the layers of a non turbulent fluid moving in straight parallel lines can be defined for a Newtonian fluid as
Shear stress can be expressed
τ = μ dc / dy
= μ γ (1)
where
τ = shearing stress in fluid (N/m2
)
μ = dynamic viscosity of fluid (N s/m2
)
dc = unit velocity (m/s)
dy = unit distance between layers (m)
γ = dc / dy = shear rate (s-1
)
Equation (1) is known as the Newtons Law of Friction.
(1) can be rearranged to express Dynamic viscosity as
μ = τ dy / dc
= τ / γ (1b)
In the SI system the dynamic viscosity units are N s/m2
, Pa s or kg/(m s) - where
• 1 Pa s = 1 N s/m2
= 1 kg/(m s)
Dynamic Viscosity Table Viscosity Liquid Viscosity Unit Viscosity

Dynamic viscosity may also be expressed in the metric CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system as g/(cm s), dyne s/cm2
or poise (p) where
• 1 poise = 1 dyne s/cm2
= 1 g/(cm s) = 1/10 Pa s = 1/10 N s/m2
For practical use the Poise is normally too large and the unit is therefore often divided by 100 - into the smaller unit centipoise (cP) - where
• 1 P = 100 cP
• 1 cP = 0.01 poise = 0.01 gram per cm second = 0.001 Pascal second = 1 milliPascal second = 0.001 N s/m2
Water at 20.2o
C (68.4o
F) has the absolute viscosity of one - 1 - centiPoise.
Liquid
Absolute Viscosity *)
(N s/m2
, Pa s)
Air 1.983 10-5
Water 10-3
Olive Oil 10-1
Glycerol 100
Liquid Honey 101
Golden Syrup 102
Glass 1040
*) at room temperature
• Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of common Liquids
Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of - absolute (or dynamic) viscosity to density - a quantity in which no force is involved. Kinematic viscosity can be obtained by dividing the
absolute viscosity of a fluid with the fluid mass density like
ν = μ / ρ (2)
where
ν = kinematic viscosity (m2
/s)
μ = absolute or dynamic viscosity (N s/m2
)
ρ = density (kg/m3
)
In the SI-system the theoretical unit of kinematic viscosity is m2
/s - or the commonly used Stoke (St) where
• 1 St (Stokes) = 10-4
m2
/s = 1 cm2
/s
Stoke comes from the CGS (Centimetre Gram Second) unit system.
Since the Stoke is a large unit it is often divided by 100 into the smaller unit centiStoke (cSt) - where
• 1 St = 100 cSt
• 1 cSt (centiStoke) = 10-6
m2
/s = 1 mm2
/s
• 1 m2
/s = 106
centiStokes
The specific gravity for water at 20.2o
C (68.4o
F) is almost one, and the kinematic viscosity for water at 20.2o
C (68.4o
F) is for practical purpose 1.0 mm2
/s (cStokes). A
more exact kinematic viscosity for water at 20.2o
C (68.4o
F) is 1.0038 mm2
/s (cSt).
• Kinematic viscosity of common liquids and fluids
A conversion from absolute to kinematic viscosity in Imperial units can be expressed as
ν = 6.7197 10-4
μ / γ (2a)
where
ν = kinematic viscosity (ft2
/s)
μ = absolute or dynamic viscosity (cP)
γ = specific weight (lb/ft3
)
Viscosity and Reference Temperature
The viscosity of a fluid is highly temperature dependent - and for dynamic or kinematic viscosity to be meaningful the reference temperature must be quoted. In ISO
8217 the reference temperature for a residual fluid is 100o
C. For a distillate fluid the reference temperature is 40o
C.
• for a liquid - the kinematic viscosity decreases with higher temperature
• for a gas - the kinematic viscosity increases with higher temperature
Related Mobile Apps from The Engineering ToolBox
• Kinematic viscosity converter App
This is a free app that can be used offline on mobile devices.
Other Viscosity Units
Saybolt Universal Seconds (or SUS, SSU)
Saybolt Universal Seconds (or SUS) is an alternative unit for measuring viscosity. The efflux time is Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) required for 60 milliliters of a
petroleum product to flow through the calibrated orifice of a Saybolt Universal viscometer - under a carefully controlled temperature and as prescribed by test method

ASTM D 88. This method has largely been replaced by the kinematic viscosity method. Saybolt Universal Seconds is also called the SSU number (Seconds Saybolt
Universal) or SSF number (Saybolt Seconds Furol).
Kinematic viscosity in SSU versus dynamic or absolute viscosity can be expressed as
νSSU = B μ / SG
= B νcentiStokes (3)
where
νSSU = kinematic viscosity (SSU)
B = 4.632 for temperature 100 o
F (37.8 o
C)
B = 4.664 for temperature 210o
F (98.9 o
C)
μ = dynamic or absolute viscosity (cP)
SG = Specific Gravity
νcentiStokes = kinematic viscosity (centiStokes)
• SSU at other temperatures
Degree Engler
Degree Engler is used in Great Britain as a scale to measure kinematic viscosity. Unlike the Saybolt and Redwood scales, the Engler scale is based on comparing the
flow of the substance being tested to the flow of another substance - water. Viscosity in Engler degrees is the ratio of the time of a flow of 200 cubic centimeters of the
fluid whose viscosity is being measured - to the time of flow of 200 cubic centimeters of water at the same temperature (usually 20o
C but sometimes 50o
C or 100o
C) in a
standardized Engler viscosity meter.
Newtonian Fluids
A fluid where the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain - is designated as a Newtonian Fluid.
A Newtonian material is referred to as true liquid since the viscosity or consistency is not affected by shear such as agitation or pumping at a constant temperature. Most
common fluids - both liquids and gases - are Newtonian fluids. Water and oils are examples of Newtonian liquids.
Shear-thinning or Pseudo-plastic Fluids
A Shear-thinning or pseudo-plastic fluid is a fluid where the viscosity decrease with increased shear rate. The structure is time-independent.
Thixotropic Fluids
A Thixotropic fluid has a time-dependent structure. The viscosity of a thixotropic fluid decreases with increasing time - at a constant shear rate.
Ketchup and mayonnaise are examples of thixotropic materials. They appear thick or viscous but are possible to pump quite easily.
Dilatant Fluids
A Shear Thickening Fluid - or Dilatant Fluid - increases the viscosity with agitation or shear strain. Dilatant fluids are known as non-Newton fluids.
Some dilatant fluids can become almost solid in a pump or pipe line. With agitation cream becomes butter and candy compounds. Clay slurry and similar heavily filled
liquids do the same thing.
Bingham Plastic Fluids
A Bingham Plastic Fluid has a yield value which must be exceeded before it will start to flow like a fluid. From that point the viscosity decreases with increasing agitation.
Toothpaste, mayonnaise and tomato ketchup are examples of such products.
Example - Air, Convert between Kinematic and Absolute Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity of air at 1 bar (1 105
Pa, N/m2
) and 40o
C is 16.97 cSt (16.97 10-6
m2
/s).
The density of the air can be estimated with the Ideal Gas Law
ρ = p / (R T)
= (1 105
N/m2
) / ( (287 J/(kg K)) ((273 o
C) + (33 o
C)) )
= 1.113 (kg/m3
)
where
ρ = density (kg/m3
)
p = absolute pressure (Pa, N/m2
)
R = individual gas constant (J/(kg K))
T = absolute temperature (K)
The absolute viscosity can be calculated as
μ = 1.113 (kg/m3
) 16.97 10-6
(m2
/s)
= 1.88 10-5
(kg/(m s), N s/m2
)
Viscosity of some Common Liquids
centiStokes
(cSt, 10-6
m2
/s, mm2
/s)
Saybolt Second
Universal
(SSU, SUS)
Typical liquid
0.1 Mercury
1 31 Water (20o
C)

centiStokes
(cSt, 10-6
m2
/s, mm2
/s)
Saybolt Second
Universal
(SSU, SUS)
Typical liquid
4.3 40 Milk
SAE 20 Crankcase Oil
SAE 75 Gear Oil
15.7 80 No. 4 fuel oil
20.6 100 Cream
43.2 200 Vegetable oil
110 500
SAE 85 Gear Oil
220 1000
Tomato Juice
SAE 90 Gear Oil
440 2000 SAE 140 Gear Oil
1100 5000 Glycerine (20o
C)
SAE 250 Gear Oil
2200 10000 Honey
6250 28000 Mayonnaise
19000 86000 Sour cream
• Viscosity Converting Chart
Kinematic viscosity can be converted from SSU to Centistokes with
νCentistokes = 0.226 νSSU - 195 / νSSU (4)
where
νSSU < 100
νCentistokes = 0.220 νSSU - 135 / νSSU
where
νSSU > 100
Viscosity and Temperature
Kinematic viscosity of fluids like water, mercury, oils SAE 10 and oil no. 3 - and gases like air, hydrogen and helium are indicated in the diagram below. Note that
• for liquids - viscosity decreases with temperature
• for gases - viscosity increases with temperature
Measuring Viscosity
Three types of devices are used to measure viscosity
• capillary tube viscometer

• Saybolt viscometer
• rotating viscometer
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