vnd_ms.ppt important ppt for engineering
- 1. Computer Networks Department of Computer Science and Engineering 1 Scholar Name : K Spandana Admission No:24EG305A13 Supervisor Name : Dr.HimaBindu Priyanka Designation : Asst.Professor Course1 : Seminar Review 1
- 2. Introduction to Computer Networks •What is a Computer Network? –A system of interconnected devices –Allow communication and sharing of resources •Types of Networks: –LAN –MAN –WAN •Components of Networks: –Devices (Nodes) –Transmission Media –Protocols
- 3. Benefits of Computer Networks: • Resource Sharing • Communication • Remote Access
- 4. History of Computer Networks •1950s-1960s: Early Beginnings •1960s: ARPANET •1970s: Ethernet and TCP/IP •1980s: Growth of the Internet •2000s-Present: Modern Networking
- 5. Circuit Switching • Definition •How It Works •Key Characteristics •Examples •Advantages •Disadvantages:
- 6. Packet Switching •Definition •How It Works •Key Characteristics •Examples •Advantages •Disadvantages
- 8. Application Layer Services: HTTP and FTP HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol How HTTP Works: –Client-Server Model: –Stateless Protocol: HTTP Methods: –GET: Retrieves data from the server. –POST: Sends data to the server (e.g., submitting form data). –PUT: Replaces existing resources on the server. –DELETE: Deletes specified resources on the server. Example Use: –Browsing websites (e.g., accessing a webpage or submitting a search query).
- 9. FTP - File Transfer Protocol How FTP Works: Client-Server Model Authentication FTP Modes: Active Mode Passive Mode Example Use:
- 10. Internet Mail Transfer What is Internet Mail Transfer? . Key Protocols Involved: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): POP3 (Post Office Protocol): How It Works
- 11. Domain Name System (DNS) What is DNS? How DNS Works: User Requests DNS Resolver DNS Lookup IPAddress Returned Key Components Domain Names DNS Records A record MX record Example Use: Accessing websites, sending emails, etc.
- 12. Transport Layer Primitives What Are Transport Layer Primitives? CONNECT DISCONNECT SEND RECEIVE ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK) ERROR Example Use TCP (Transmission Control Protocol
- 13. Connection Establishment and Closure What is Connection Establishment and Closure? Connection Establishment: 3-Way Handshake (TCP) Step 1: SYN (Synchronize) Step 2: SYN-ACK Step 3: ACK (Acknowledge)
- 14. Connection Closure: 4-Way Handshake (TCP) •Step 1: FIN (Finish) –The device (usually the sender) sends a FIN (finish) message to indicate that it has finished sending data. •Step 2: ACK –The receiver acknowledges the FIN by sending an ACK back to the sender. •Step 3: FIN –The receiver sends its own FIN to the sender, indicating it’s done sending data. •Step 4: ACK –The sender acknowledges the receiver's FIN, completing the termination of the connection. •Key Point: The 4-way handshake ensures both parties confirm the closure of the connection in an orderly manner.
- 15. Flow Control and Congestion Control at the Transport Layer What are Flow Control and Congestion Control? Flow Control Purpose How It Works:
- 16. What are Congestion Control? Purpose How It Works Key Concept
- 17. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • What is TCP? • Key Features of TCP: • Connection-Oriented: • Reliability • Flow Control • Error Detection and Correction • Congestion Control
- 18. How TCP Works: Connection Establishment Data Transmission Connection Termination Key Point
- 19. How TCP Works Connection Establishment: Data Transmission: Connection Termination: Key Point:
- 20. Basic Features of TCP What is TCP? • Key Features of TCP • Connection-Oriented Communication • Reliable Data Delivery • Flow Control • Error Detection and Correction • Congestion Control • Ordered Data Transfer • Key Point
- 21. TCP Congestion Control Protocol •What is TCP Congestion Control? •Key Mechanisms of TCP Congestion Control •Slow Start •Congestion Avoidance •Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery •Threshold Adjustment •Key Point
- 22. Introduction to Network Layer Primitives •What Are Network Layer Primitives? •Definition •Purpose of the Network Layer •Key Role of Primitives •Examples of Network Layer Functions
- 23. Key Network Layer Primitives •1. SEND •2. RECEIVE •3. ROUTE •4. FORWARD 5. DROP Key Point
- 24. IPAddressing (IPv4) Overview • What is IPv4? • Key Features of IPv4 32-bit Addressing: Format An IPv4 address is written in dotted decimal format: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
- 25. Classful Addressing in IPv4 •What is Classful Addressing? •IPv4 Address Classes: •Class A: –Range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 –Network Bits: 8 bits –Hosts per Network: 16,777,214 –Usage: Large networks (e.g., multinational corporations). •Class B: –Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 –Network Bits: 16 bits –Hosts per Network: 65,534 –Usage: Medium-sized networks (e.g., universities, ISPs).
- 26. •Class C: –Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 –Network Bits: 24 bits –Hosts per Network: 254 –Usage: Small networks (e.g., small businesses). •Class D (Multicast): –Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 –Usage: Reserved for multicast communication (sending data to multiple recipients). •Class E (Reserved): –Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 –Usage: Reserved for future use, experimental purposes. •Key Points: •Class A, B, and C are used for addressing devices in networks, while Class D is for multicast and Class E is reserved. •Classful addressing has been largely replaced by CIDR for more efficient IP address allocation.
- 27. Introduction to Network Address Translation (NAT) •What is Network Address Translation (NAT)? •Definition •Purpose of NAT •How NAT Works •Private IP to Public IP
- 28. • Overview: In the early 2000s, internet usage began to surge, especially in the United States. With dial-up connections gradually being phased out, the shift to broadband and fiber-optic networks played a pivotal role in increasing speed and availability of internet access. • Key Challenges: Scalability Performance Competition • Solution: ISPs invested in fiber-optic and DSL technologies to provide faster internet connections. Technologies like Wi-Fi and 4G/5G enabled mobile internet access, complementing fixed broadband infrastructure. • Outcome: Enhanced broadband speeds and the widespread adoption of mobile internet. Creation of more competitive and diversified market landscapes. Case Study-1 The Rise of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Broadband Adoption
- 29. • Overview: Facebook’s operations rely on highly complex network infrastructure, managing billions of active users daily. The company needs to handle vast amounts of data for services such as news feed, messaging, video, and other real-time communications. • Key Challenges: Data Volume Latency Security • Solution: Facebook developed its own networking hardware and data centers designed for scalability and reliability. The use of open-source software like FBOSS (Facebook Open Switching System) for data center networking and Wedge 100 switches for higher network performance. A robust global content delivery network (CDN) was set up, reducing latency and accelerating data delivery to Case Study-2: Facebook’s Data Center and Network Traffic Management
- 30. • Overview: Google has built one of the largest and most efficient global data center networks. Google’s network architecture enables fast data retrieval, reliability, and high scalability for services like search, YouTube, Gmail, and more. • Key Challenges: Network Latency Data Center Efficiency Scalability • Solution: Global Network: Custom Infrastructure Load Balancing • Outcome: Google achieved high network reliability, with 99.99% uptime for services. Significantly reduced network latency for users worldwide. Energy-efficient data centers with environmentally-friendly designs. Case Study-3 Google’s Data Center and Global Network Infrastructure