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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 05: Typography and Images
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
Multiple Choice
1. The appearance and arrangement of characters commonly is referred to as _______.
a. type
b. text
c. typeset
d. track
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
Webpage Typography Issues
QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice
HAS VARIABLES: False
DATE CREATED: 2/7/2017 12:34 PM
DATE MODIFIED: 2/7/2017 12:36 PM
2. Which of the following characteristics define type?
a. color
b. style
c. size
d. All of the above are used to define type.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
3. ______ refers to the amount of vertical spacing between lines of text.
a. Leading
b. Tracking
c. Kerning
d. Indenting
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
Font Sizes and Styles

Name: Class: Date:
4. ______ is a spacing technique that allows designers to squeeze or stretch text to fit in a specific amount of space.
a. Leading
b. Tracking
c. Kerning
d. Indenting
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
5. ______ adds or removes space between two individual characters.
a. Leading
b. Tracking
c. Kerning
d. Indenting
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128

Name: Class: Date:
6.
Which font in the figure above is an example of a monospace font?
a. Tahoma
b. Georgia
c. Ravie
d. Courier New
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128

Name: Class: Date:
7.
Which font in the figure above is an example of a serif font?
a. Tahoma
b. Georgia
c. Ravie
d. Courier New
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128

Name: Class: Date:
8.
Which font in the figure above is an example of a fantasy font?
a. Tahoma
b. Georgia
c. Ravie
d. Courier New
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
9. A(n) ______ is the digital file that specifies the combination of character data.
a. typeface
b. font
c. serif

Name: Class: Date:
d. font-family
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 129
Font Selection and Web Design
10. Which of the following best defines a font family?
a. CSS specification that identifies the preferred font as well as backup fonts.
b. A list of web-safe fonts.
c. A font standard that includes compression.
d. An embedded font, specified in the CSS for a webpage.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 131
11. Which of the following best defines an embedded font?
a. CSS specification that identifies the preferred font as well as backup fonts.
b. A list of web-safe fonts.
c. A font standard that includes compression.
d. A font, specified in the CSS for a webpage, that must be downloaded to the user's device.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 131
12. Why does the W3C recommend the WOFF font packaging format?
a. Because it can be red by Windows and Macintosh systems.
b. Because it includes compression.
c. Because it can be embedded into a webpage's CSS specifications.
d. All of the above.

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 131
13. ______ font sizes do not change when viewed on different screen sizes.
a. Relative
b. Absolute
c. Responsive
d. Static
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 131
14. Which of the following best defines how rems are used for flexible font sizing.
a. A rem gives a maximum and minimum pixel size for headings and context fonts.
b. Compression is used to reduce or expand font size to match the user's screen.
c. Font size is determined by the user's browser settings, which override the CSS-specified sizes.
d. The font size specified in the HTML document's top-level heading becomes the standard.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 131
15. A(n) ______ font is designed especially for a brand.
a. business
b. specialty
c. proprietary
d. restricted
ANSWER: c

Name: Class: Date:
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 133
Image Text
16. What is the name of the box in which you edit and format text for a text image?
a. text box
b. bounding box
c. logo box
d. font box
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 133
Image Text
17. Which of the following best describes a hero image?
a. A large, banner-type image used primarily as the center image on a website's homepage.
b. A lightly-colored watermark image used as a website template's background.
c. A logo saved as text to avoid using an embedded font.
d. An image to which you own the copyrights and can use without restriction.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 134
Webpage Images
18. Most standalone digital cameras, and virtually all smartphones, include ______ or other wireless transfer capabilities.
a. infrared
b. radio waves
c. Bluetooth
d. microwaves
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1

Name: Class: Date:
REFERENCES: 135
Digital Cameras
19. What type of software are SnagIt and FullShot?
a. photo sharing
b. image-editing
c. screen capture
d. digital photography
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 136
Screen Capture and Illustration Software

Name: Class: Date:
20.
What type of software is shown in the figure above?
a. photo sharing
b. image-editing
c. illustration
d. digital photography

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 136
21. Which measurement is equal to a million pixels?
a. megapixel
b. millipixel
c. minipixel
d. magmapixel
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 137
22. A(n) ______ is a computer input device that reads printed text, images, or objects and translates the results into a
digital file.
a. screen capture
b. scanner
c. digital reader
d. e-book
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 137
23. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Morguefile.com website?
a. Captures webpages at a certain point in time in order for designers to compare past versions.
b. Stores user-uploaded photos so they can print or share them.
c. An archive of artist-provided images available for free with limited copyright restrictions.
d. Allows designers to access discarded web templates and webpage content elements for use.

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 137
24. The ______ tags instruct a website to display different image size or formats (or no image) based on the size of the
screen.
a. <picture>...</picture>
b. <canvas>...</canvas>
c. <screen>...</screen>
d. <image>...</image>
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 138
Image File Formats
25. Which is another term for a raster image?
a. pixelated
b. zoomed
c. bitmap
d. compressed
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
26. Raster images consist of a series of ______.
a. layers
b. em units
c. bits
d. pixels

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
27.
Which font in the figure above is an example of a sans serif font?
a. Tahoma
b. Georgia
c. Ravie
d. Courier New
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128

Name: Class: Date:
28. Rasterizing is the process of creating an image one ______ at a time.
a. megabyte
b. bit
c. GIF
d. map
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
29. Which of the following is the file extension for Google's bitmap image format?
a. .psd
b. .bmp
c. .jpg
d. .webp
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
30. Which of the following is the file extension for Adobe's bitmap image format?
a. .psd
b. .bmp
c. .jpg
d. .webp
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats

Name: Class: Date:
31. Which of the following is NOT true about vector images?
a. They are saved in a web-ready format.
b. They are resolution-independent.
c. You can create vector images using illustration software.
d. They are created by combining shapes, curves, and lines.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 140
Image File Formats
32. Which of the following best defines antialiasing?
a. Creating a web-ready image one pixel at a time.
b. A technique for smoothing jagged edges by adding shaded pixels.
c. Compressing an image for mobile-devices.
d. The method web servers use to determine which version of an image to display based on the user's browser.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 140
Graphics Image Format (GIF)
33. A(n) ______ GIF image appears on the screen in a sequence of passes.
a. interlaced
b. transparent
c. rasterized
d. antialiased
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141

Name: Class: Date:
34. To create a(n) ______ GIF image, you can specify that the webpage remove a specific color.
a. interlaced
b. transparent
c. invisible
d. opaque
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141
35. Most people refer to JFIF images as ______.
a. JPEGs
b. vector images
c. PNGs
d. WebPs
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141
JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)
36. The ______ format has superior transparency capabilities compared to other formats.
a. JPEG
b. PNG
c. BMP
d. GIF
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141
Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Format

Name: Class: Date:
37. Use the ______ format for basic, solid-color images that do not require more than 256 colors.
a. JPEG
b. PNG
c. BMP
d. GIF
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141
38. Use the ______ format for photographs or art-like images.
a. JPEG
b. PNG
c. BMP
d. GIF
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141
39. When you ______ an image, you select the part of the image you want to keep and remove the unwanted portion.
a. compress
b. rasterize
c. crop
d. focus
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 142
Refining Images

Name: Class: Date:
40. Which of the following best defines lossless compression?
a. The degradation of image quality during compression.
b. All image data is retained during compression.
c. When a file size cannot be further reduced.
d. Removing one color to create a transparency.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 143
Optimizing Images for Size and Quality
True / False
41. Web designers sometimes measure type size in pixels, where 24 pixels equal a 10-point font.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
QUESTION TYPE: True / False
42. One current web typography trend is to use larger, magazine-style fonts for headers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
43. Fontography is the study of the appearance and arrangement of characters.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

Name: Class: Date:
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
44. Type style refers to the variations in form such as roman, italic, or bold.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 128
45. The WAI guidelines that you should use should use HTML to specify fonts.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 129
46. The most commonly used fonts in web design are serif and sans serif.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 129

Name: Class: Date:
47. A sans serif is a short line extending from the top or bottom of a character.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 129
48. Web designers measure relative font sizes as a percentage of an em unit.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 131
49. Web designers often save text as an image to create a logo for a brand.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 133
Image Text
50. Another term for hero image is background image.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 134
Webpage Images

Name: Class: Date:
51. Few smartphones have built-in digital cameras that can take quality photos.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 134
Digital Cameras
52. A photo sharing website stores the images to your account and enables you to share, print, and edit image files.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 135
Digital Cameras
53. The Sketch mobile app is an example of illustration software.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 137
54. You do not need to add credit line for images in the public domain.
a. True

Name: Class: Date:
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 138
55. Web designers use the CSS <picture>...</picture> tags to address image file display instructions for varying screen
sizes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 138
Image File Formats
56. Considering when or if to include the option of not displaying the image of part of RWD.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
57. Individual pixels are visible in a zoomed bitmap image.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats

Name: Class: Date:
58. JPEGs are a type of bitmap file.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
59. A file extension includes a period (.) and a file format identifier.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
60. The .gif file format stands for Graphics Internet File.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139
Image File Formats
61. Raster images consist of a group of separate drawing objects.
a. True
b. False

Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 140
Image File Formats

Name: Class: Date:
62.
The above figure is an example of a vector image.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1

Name: Class: Date:
REFERENCES: 140
Image File Formats
63. GIFs are most suitable for basic, solid-colored images, such as cartoons, diagrams, or navigation buttons.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 140
64. You should use interlacing only for web images with smaller file sizes that can be easily downloaded.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 140
65. PNGs were created because at one point the companies that developed the GIF compression technique required
anyone using a GIF to pay a license fee.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141

Name: Class: Date:
66. JPEG images are uncompressed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 141
JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)
67. Optimize your images by achieving a balance between compressing your image files into a smaller size and
maintaining the best image quality.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 142
Web-Ready Images
68. A progressive JPEG is similar to an interlaced GIF.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 142
Web-Ready Images
69. You can control the JPEG compression level with digital camera settings.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 143

Name: Class: Date:
70. Lower compression values lead to a greater loss of image data.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 143
Essay
71. Discuss the role that readability plays in your selection of a font.
ANSWER: Many web designers use serif fonts for webpage body text, although they are equally likely to apply
serif and sans serif fonts to headlines. The most commonly used fonts in web design are serif and
sans serif. Some fonts, such as Times New Roman, have a short line extending from the top or
bottom of a character called a serif; web designers refer to these as serif fonts. Fonts that do not have
serifs, such as Arial, are sans serif fonts. Web designers often vary serif and sans serif fonts for
heading and body text fonts to create visual contrast.
Cursive, or script, fonts replicate handwriting. Web designers use fantasy fonts for decoration.
Monospace fonts have equal spacing between characters, simulating characters created on a manual
typewriter. Cursive, fantasy, and monospace fonts might not be appropriate for most webpage
content text because it can be difficult to read them online. Another reason to avoid cursive or
fantasy fonts is that specific examples of these fonts are less likely to be available across different
computers and devices. However, these choices may be appropriate for headings. Varying fonts adds
visual interest to your website.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 129
QUESTION TYPE: Essay
TOPICS: Critical Thinking
72. Differentiate between lossless and lossy compression. What is compression artifacting?
ANSWER: The GIF and PNG formats offer lossless compression, which retains all the image data during
compression. Image data retention maintains the quality of the image. The GIF format is not suitable

Name: Class: Date:
for photographs or images containing more than 256 colors. The PNG format supports millions of
colors, but creates files that might be too large for efficient webpage downloading. Some designers
suggest using the PNG format for editing photographs or other images containing millions of colors,
but then saving the images in the JPEG format to reduce the file size.
The JPEG format provides lossy compression, meaning that some image data is lost permanently
during compression. Using a low level of compression results in a loss of data that is undetectable by
the human eye; there is no apparent deterioration in the image quality. You can control the level of
JPEG compression with digital camera settings or by using the optimizing feature in image-editing
software. JPEG compression values and the resultant image quality have an inverse relationship: a
greater compression value yields a smaller file size, but also leads to poorer image quality. If you are
selecting a JPEG image compression value for your webpage images and your primary concern is
image quality, a lower compression value will result in a higher image quality, but at the cost of a
larger file size. If you need smaller, faster-loading image files, use a higher compression value.
Higher compression values lead to a greater loss of image data, called image degradation or
compression artifacting. Compression artifacting can result in areas of an image that appear blurred
or distorted. Note that each time you reopen, edit, and resave a JPEG image, the loss of data due to
compression artifacting increases and becomes more visible in the image.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 143
73. Describe how web designers use font families, backup fonts, and embedded fonts in a website.
ANSWER: Web designers use CSS to specify a font family or a font stack, which identifies the preferred font as well
as backup fonts. If a browser cannot locate the specified font used on a webpage, it will replace it with the
next available backup font in the stack. Including a generic serif or sans serif font, which all browsers and
devices can interpret, as the last backup font in the stack ensures that all browsers can display your
webpage content.
Another method web designers use is to include embedded fonts in the website. Embedded fonts are
identified in the CSS for the webpage and must be downloaded to the user’s device before the webpage
text can appear. Embedded fonts often increase the time it takes for a page to load. When using embedded
fonts, web designers often will use a tool such as Google Web Font Loader to specify backup fonts that
display while the embedded fonts download. Use embedded fonts sparingly, such as for headings or other
font choices where branding and design matter more than readability or speed of downloading.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 131

Name: Class: Date:
74. List guidelines for selecting images. Describe methods for ensuring your web images are usable and accessible.
ANSWER: Webpage images include illustrations, diagrams, and photographs. Be sure you select images that achieve
the following:
• Are relevant to your content and add value to your website.
• Conform with or complement your website’s color scheme.
• Support your website’s message.
• Contribute to the overall mood you want to set
Remember to follow best practices for web usability and accessibility, such as adding alternative text to
your images and ensuring contrast between background images and text. Only use images to which you
own the copyrights, or secure the copyrights and give proper credit to the image owner or creator if using
an image from another source. Another important consideration when selecting webpage images is file
size. A higher file size means a better-quality image, but also one that may take longer to download and
display in the visitor’s browser. Experiment with image file sizes as a part of your website testing process
to achieve a balance between image quality and download time.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 133-134
Webpage Images
75. Differentiate between raster and vector images.
ANSWER: Image files are either raster or vector. Raster images, or bitmaps, consist of a series of individual pixels.
At the optimal resolution (based on image quality and size), the pixels are not visible. A bitmap contains a
specific number of pixels measured as pixels per inch (ppi) and is resolution dependent, meaning that
resizing the image affects the image quality.
Vector images, or vector graphics, consist of a group of separate drawing objects, such as shapes, curves,
and lines, combined to create a single image. Vector images are resolution independent. You can resize a
vector image with no loss of image quality. To use a vector image on the web, you must rasterize it by
saving it in a bitmap file format.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: 139-140
Image File Formats

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content

1813 Second American War: present at the affairs of Sackett's
Harbour, Goose Creek, and Chrystler's Farm.
1814 Expedition to Plattsburg under Sir George Prevost.
List of Captains who have successively commanded the
Company, as far back as can be traced, down to introduction
of Brigade System, in 1859.
* * * * *
1786 Captain John Lemoine.
1791 Captain William Collier.
1795 Captain J. A. Schalch.
1801 Captain Charles Godfrey.
1805 Captain William Hall.
1806 Captain P. Durnford.
1806 Captain Charles C. Bingham.
1812 Captain P. M. Wallace.
* * * * *
1828 Captain J. A. Chalmers.
1835 Captain A. MacDonald.
1840 Captain Thomas O. Cater.
1840 Captain George James.
1848 Captain Thomas Elwyn.
1850 Captain A. J. Taylor.
1852 Captain A. H. Graham.
1857 Captain W. W. Barry.

No. 3 COMPANY, 4th BATTALION,
Now "8" BATTERY, 2nd BRIGADE.
Battles, Sieges, and other Military operations in which this
Company has been engaged.
1775 Defence of Quebec against Americans under General
Arnold.
1777 Battle of Brandywine.
1777 Occupation of Philadelphia.
1777 Defeat of Americans at Germantown.
1778 Ditto at Battle of Freehold Court, after Evacuation of
Philadelphia.
1778 Detachments present at Capture of Savannah.
1779 Detachments present at Capture of Stoney Point on the
Hudson.
1780 Capture of Charlestown, and operations in North Carolina.
1795 Cape of Good Hope: Expedition under General Craig.
1801 Siege and Capture of Alexandria, and expulsion of French
from Egypt (detachments only).
1807 Expedition against Madeira.
* * * * *
1786 Captain F. M. Keith.
1790 Captain J. H. Yorke.
1796 Captain George Koehler.
1797 Captain W. Wilson.
1802 Captain Edward Hope.

1803 Captain W. Scott.
1812 Captain W. R. Carey.
1815 Captain E. C. Wilford.
1817 Captain James Addams.
1825 Captain E. T. Michell.
1835 Captain Thomas Dyneley.
1837 Captain W. Elgee.
1846 Captain Henry S. Tireman.
1847 Captain S. P. Townsend.
1849 Captain St. John T. Browne.
* * * * *

Afterwards "8" BATTERY, 1st BRIGADE.
Reduced 1st April, 1869.
1775 Battle of Bunker's Hill.
1776 Siege of Boston.
1776 Battle of Brooklyn, and Capture of Horan's Hook.
1776 Occupation of New York.
1776 Battle of White Plains. Specially thanked in General
Orders.
1776 Capture of Forts Washington and Lee.
1776 Expedition against Charlestown.
1777 Operations in the Jerseys under Lord Cornwallis.
1777 Affairs of Peek's Hill and Westfield.
1777 Battle of Brandywine, and occupation of Philadelphia.
1778 Evacuation of Philadelphia by British, and defeat of
Americans at Germantown.
1778 Battle of Freehold Court.
1778 Detachments present at Capture of Savannah.
1779 Detachments present at Capture of Stoney Point on the
Hudson.
1779 Ditto during General Matthews' raid in Virginia.
1793 Expedition to Flanders under H.R.H. the Duke of York:
present at every engagement during the Campaign, and
specially mentioned in General Orders.

1808 Present with the Army in Portugal until the Battle of
Corunna, when it returned to Gibraltar.
1839 Canadian Rebellion.
1856 Expedition to Crimea, but arrived a few days after the fall
of Sebastopol.
* * * * *
1786 Captain W. Houghton.
1790 Captain F. Laye.
1797 Captain B. Young.
1804 Captain Hon. W. H. Gardner.
1805 Captain F. Smith.
* * * * *
1823 Captain Thomas Cubitt.
1826 Captain William Butts.
1829 Captain John Dowse.
* * * * *
1841 Captain R. L. Cornelius.
1844 Captain W. Y. Fenwick.
1844 Captain Henry Poole.
1848 Captain William Fraser.
1850 Captain A. G. Burrows.
1855 Captain J. F. E. Travers.

Now "B" BATTERY, 9th BRIGADE.
1776 Defence of Boston.
1776 Battle of Brooklyn.
1776 Capture of Horan's Hook.
1776 Battle of White Plains. (Thanked in Orders.)
1776 Capture of Fort Washington and Fort Lee.
1777 Operations in the Jerseys under Lord Cornwallis, and
action near Westfield.
1779 Capture of Stoney Point on the Hudson.
1779 General Matthews' raid in Virginia.
1780 Expedition to South Carolina.
1794 War in Flanders, including actions at Alost and Malines,
and defence of Nimeguen.
1796 Capture of St. Lucia, St. Vincent's, and Grenada.
1803 Capture of St. Lucia and Tobago.
1804 Capture of Demerara.
N.B.—A detachment of this Company embarked on board Lord
Nelson's fleet from Barbadoes to assist in working the guns.
1809-
1810
Capture of Martinique and Guadaloupe.
1815 Occupation of Paris.

1842
to
1848
Engaged at Cape of Good Hope in the operations against
the insurgent Boers and Kaffirs.
1855 Siege of Sebastopol.
* * * * *
1786 Captain Charles Wood.
1787 Captain George Abson.
1792 Captain Ashton Shuttleworth.
1795 Captain Robert Hope.
1802 Captain W. Wilson.
1804 Captain W. Payne.
1805 Captain W. Millar.
1805 Captain Charles Younghusband.
* * * * *
1823 Captain G. C. Coffin.
* * * * *
1836 Captain E. Sheppard.
1837 Captain J. M. Stephens.
1840 Captain G. G. Palmer.
1841 Captain Henry Pallisser.
1848 Captain W. H. Elliot.
1855 Captain G. H. L. Milman.

Now "1" BATTERY, 6th BRIGADE.
1775 Crown Point, Ticonderoga, Chambly, and St. John. (The
whole Company, with the exception of 9 men, was
taken prisoner at this time, and remained so until April,
1777.)
1779 Capture of Stoney Point, on the Hudson.
1779 Raid in Virginia under General Matthews.
1780 Battle of Camden.
1780 Operations under Lord Cornwallis.
1781 Battle of Cowpens.
1781 Battle of Guildford Court-house.
1781 Surrender of Yorktown.
1798 Expedition to Minorca.
1808 Operations in Portugal and Battle of Vimiera.
1809 Battle of Corunna.
1813 Battle of Vittoria.
1813 Battle of Pyrenees.
1813 Siege and capture of St. Sebastian.[25]
1814 Battle of Toulouse.
1815 Occupation of Paris.
* * * * *
1783 Captain R. Lawson.

1793 Captain J. Wilson.
1794 Captain J. Bradbridge.
1797 Captain H. Framingham.
1804 Captain George Skyring.
1811 Captain W. Morrison.
* * * * *
1826 Captain P. Faddy.
* * * * *
1839 Captain R. Kendall.
1845 Captain George Markland.
1852 Captain H. P. Goodenough.
* * * * *

1778 Capture of Sunbury in Georgia.
1778 Affair of Brier Creek.
1779 Repulse of Americans at Stono Ferry.
1781 Defence of Pensacola.
1812 Canada during second American War.
1855 Siege of Sebastopol. (The captain of the Company,
Captain Fitzroy, was killed in the trenches.)
N.B.—A detachment of this Company accompanied their Captain,
F. R. Chesney, in his scientific researches along the Euphrates
and Persian Gulf.
* * * * *
1786 Captain Thomas Hare.
1790 Captain T. Seward.
1796 Captain C. W. Thornton.
1797 Captain E. Trelawney.
1799 Captain G. Wulff.
1804 Captain W. Caddy.
1817 Captain C. Bridge.
1817 Captain A. Bredin.
1820 Captain George Turner.

1825 Captain W. Greene.
1830 Captain F. R. Chesney.
1842 Captain D. Thorndike.
1850 Captain John Henry Lefroy.
1854 Captain A. C. Hawkins.
1855 Captain S. Robinson.
1855 Captain A. C. L. Fitzroy.

Now "E" BATTERY, 1st BRIGADE.
1776 Defence of Boston.
1776 Battle of Brooklyn.
1776 Capture of Horan's Hook.
1776 Battle of White Plains. (Thanked in Orders.)
1776 Capture of Fort Washington and Fort Lee.
1777 Operations in the Jerseys under Lord Cornwallis, and affair
of Peek's Hill.
1777 Action near Westfield.
1777 Battle of Brandywine, and occupation of Philadelphia.
1778 Evacuation of Philadelphia, and Battle of Freehold Court.
1778 Detachment present at Capture of Savannah.
1779 Capture of Stoney Point on the Hudson.
1779 General Matthews' raid in Virginia.
1781 Detachments present at Surrender of Yorktown.
1803 War in Ceylon, ending in total defeat of the native king of
Kandy.
1811 Expedition against Java, and capture of the Island.
1854 Siege of Sebastopol. (The Captain of the Company, A.
Oldfield, was killed in the trenches.)

* * * * *
1786 Captain Patrick Ross.
1791 Captain S. Rimington.
1799 Captain James Hook.
1802 Captain E. V. Worsley.
1809 Captain J. T. Robison.
1811 Captain R. F. Cleaveland.
1819 Captain C. F. Sandham.
1822 Captain N. W. Oliver.
1826 Captain P. Walker.
1827 Captain C. Cruttenden.
1833 Captain W. B. Dundas.
1837 Captain A. O. W. Schalch.
1837 Captain R. B. Rawnsley.
1842 Captain G. Durnford.
1844 Captain J. H. St. John.
1844 Captain G. H. Hyde.
1854-
55
Captain A. Oldfield.
1856 Captain W. T. Barnett.

(Afterwards 4th Company, 11th Battalion),
Now "H" BATTERY, 4th BRIGADE.
1812 Second American War. Engaged on board the gunboats on
the Canadian lakes, and on various outpost duties,
receiving special mention in Orders.
1815 Formed part of the Duke of Wellington's Army, but took no
active part, proceeding no further than Valenciennes.
Reduced in 1819 and reformed in 1848, when it was
transferred to the 11th Battalion as No. 4 Company. It
served during the Crimean War, and was present at the
Battle of Alma.
Battle of Inkerman.
and was constantly employed in carrying ammunition into
the trenches.
* * * * *
1783 Captain James Winter.
1790 Captain T. Brady.
1793 Captain R. Hamilton.
1800 Captain R. Wright.
1800 Captain W. Robe.
1806 Captain T. J. Forbes.

1808 Captain J. S. Sinclair.
Reduced in 1819.
Reformed in 1848.
1848 Captain W. S. Payne.
1848 Captain T. B. F. Marriott.
(Transferred to 11th Battalion.)
1849 Captain W. R. Nedham.
1854 Captain J. Turner.
1855 Captain H. A. Smyth.

Afterwards "8" BATTERY, 12th BRIGADE,
1812-
13
Second American War. Engaged in nearly every operation
on the American frontier, repeatedly mentioned in
Orders, and by General Order was permitted to wear
the designation "Niagara."
1815-
16
Present with the Duke of Wellington's Army, but took no
active part, remaining in garrison at Tournay.
1855 Crimea.
N.B.—No. 8 Battery, 12th Brigade, R. A., was nominally reduced
on 1st Feb., 1871: but as No. 5 Battery of that Brigade was
really reduced, and the officers, non-commissioned officers,
and men, of No. 8 Battery were transferred to No. 5, it seems
just to perpetuate No. 8 Battery. The arms, books, &c., of No.
8 were also transferred to No. 5.
1783 Captain W. Godwin.
1787 Captain B. Marlow.
1794 Captain William Borthwick.
1794 Captain George Glasgow.
1800 Captain R. Dickinson.
1806 Captain E. Curry.
1808 Captain William Holcroft.

1816 Captain Joseph Brome.
Reduced in 1819.
Reformed in 1848.
1848 Captain H. S. Rowan.
Became 6th Company 12th Battalion in November, 1848.
1854 Captain Hamley.
1858 Captain Macdougal.
1859 Captain Boothby.
25. At the capture of St. Sebastian, ten men of this Company volunteered for the
storming party, and were instrumental in deciding the fate of the attack by
the gallant style in which they turned two of the enemy's guns upon the
garrison, driving the defenders from the works.

F
CHAPTER XXIV.
The Journal of a Few Years.
or a few years after the formation of the Fourth Battalion, the
History of the Regiment contains little that possesses more than
domestic interest. It was the stillness which precedes a storm.
In 1775, the Titanic contest commenced, in which England found
herself pitted against France, Spain, and her own children.
From that year, until 1783, the student of her military history finds
his labour incessant. America and Europe alike claim his attention;
the War of Independence, and the Sieges of Gibraltar and Port
Mahon, furnish a wealth of material for his examination.
But before entering on these, the ground must be cleared and the
regimental gossip between 1771 and 1775 must be chronicled.
During that time, the relief of the battalion serving in America—by
the 4th—took place, and on the latter fell all Artillery duties
performed at the commencement of hostilities in that country. As the
war developed, the 4th Battalion was reinforced by four companies
of the 3rd, whose men—and also the Lieutenant-Fireworkers—were
gradually absorbed into the 4th Battalion. At the same time, four
companies of the 1st and 3rd Battalions, under the gallant Phillips,
were ordered to America, and formed part of the force commanded
by the ill-fated Burgoyne. During this decade, between 1770 and
1779, five companies of the 2nd Battalion relieved those at Gibraltar,
and were the only Artillery present at that memorable siege, which
sheds a lustre over this unhappy period in the national history.

Woolwich saw a good many changes at this time. The barracks in
the Warren were inadequate to meet the wants of the Regiment,
now that it had received so many augmentations. Some ground on
the Common was, therefore, purchased by the Board, and the
foundation laid of barracks, large enough to accommodate a
battalion of eight companies. The building was completed, and the
barracks inhabited, early in 1776.
Modifications in the dress of the Regiment took place; and the evil
results of the liberty granted to the Colonels of Battalions with
regard to their men's clothing manifested themselves to such a
degree, that in March, 1772, an order was issued, forbidding any
alteration in the clothing of the men, or uniform of the officers,
without the previous knowledge and approbation of the Master-
General.
From various Battalion Orders issued at this time, we learn that the
officers had now to provide themselves with plain frocks, and plain
hats with a gold band, button, and loop; and that the accoutrements
of the men, which had hitherto been buff, were now changed,—
becoming what they are at present—white. The dress for a parade
under arms was as follows:—The men, in white breeches, white
stockings, black half-spatterdashes, and their hair clubbed:—the
officers, in plain frocks, half-spatterdashes, and queues, with white
cotton or thread stockings under their spatterdashes, and gold
button and loop on their plain hats. When the officers were on duty,
they were ordered to wear their hair clubbed, and their hats cocked
in the same manner as those of the men. The hats of the men were
worn with the front loops just over the nose. Black stocks were
utterly forbidden, white only being permitted to be worn, either by
officers or men.
On the 22nd June, 1772, a Royal Warrant was issued, deciding that
Captain-Lieutenants in the Artillery and Engineers should rank as
Captains in the Army. Those who were then serving, were to have
their commissions as Captain, dated 26th May, 1772; and those who
might be subsequently commissioned, from the date of their

appointment. The title of Captain-Lieutenant was abolished, and that
of Second Captain substituted, in 1804.
In 1772 and 1775, the regiment was reviewed by the King—on both
occasions at Blackheath. The inspections were very satisfactory; in
1772, "The corps went through their different evolutions with great
exactness, though greatly incommoded by the weather, and
obstructed by the prodigious concourse of people, which was greater
than ever was known on any like occasion." In addition to these
reviews, the King visited Woolwich in state in 1773, for the purpose
of inspecting the new foundry and boring-room. In the latter, he saw
a 42-pounder bored with a new and wonderful horizontal boring-
machine. He saw many curious inventions; among others, a light
field-piece, invented by Colonel Pattison, "which, on emergencies,
might be carried on men's shoulders," and which was tried, "to the
great amazement of His Majesty." He also went to the Academy,
where he breakfasted; and then inspected the companies which
happened to be in Woolwich, with whose manœuvres he expressed
the utmost satisfaction. The review was marred by an accident
which occurred. "Colonel Broome, in parading in front of the
Regiment, before His Majesty, on a very beautiful and well-broke
horse, but very tender-mouthed, checked him, which made the
horse rise upon his hind-legs, and fall backwards upon his rider, who
is so greatly bruised, that his life is despaired of."[26]
In 1772, the officers, whose extra pay on promotion had been taken
to make up the half-pay of Captain-Lieutenant Rogers, complained of
the injustice, and their remonstrances were attended to. A warrant
was issued on the 4th August, 1772, directing a vacancy of one
Second Lieutenant to be kept open in one of the invalid companies,
the pay to be employed towards Captain Rogers's half-pay.
It is impossible to stigmatize too harshly the system of non-
effectives, borne for various purposes on the strength of the
Regiment, in which the Board of Ordnance delighted. It was at once
deceitful and unbusinesslike. If the purposes were legitimate, they
should have formed the subject of a separate vote. At the risk of

wearying the reader, a recapitulation will be given of the non-
effectives in the Regiment at this time, and the purposes for which
they were borne upon the establishment. There were thirty-two
marching companies in the Regiment, and eight of invalids. On the
muster-roll of each company, a dummy—so to speak—was borne,
whose pay went to the Widows' Fund; another per company, for
what was called the Non-effective Fund, and a third, whose pay
went to remunerate the fifer. In addition to this, ten dummies were
borne, whose pay went to swell General Belford's income, in the
form of command pay; and nine were utilized for the band.
In short, out of 1088 matrosses, shown as the establishment of the
marching companies, no less than 115 had no existence; and in the
invalid companies, a Second Lieutenant and 16 matrosses were
equally shadowy. If we examine the purposes for which the fund
called the non-effective fund existed, shall we find them to be
irregular, or such as could not be made public? Not at all; the
charges on this fund were legitimate, and a separate vote might and
should have been taken, particularizing them. They were to meet
the expenses connected with recruits, deserters, and discharged
invalids, as well as certain contingent charges, connected with the
command of companies. Why then the mystery, and deceit practised
upon the public? If the senior officer of Artillery was deserving of
higher pay on account of his services or responsibility, why not
openly say so, instead of showing to the country, as part of the
Artillery establishment, ten men who had no existence? The
wickedness and folly of such a means of keeping accounts could only
have emanated from such a Department as the Board of Ordnance.
Mention has been made of recruiting expenses. Certain regulations
which were in force at this time may be interesting to the reader.
Levy money was not allowed to the recruiting officer in cases where
the recruits were not approved by the commanding officer, but their
subsistence after enlistment until rejection, was admitted. If a recruit
deserted before joining, no charge whatever was admitted against
the fund. But if he died between enlistment and the time when he
should have joined, all expenses connected with him were admitted

on production of the necessary vouchers and certificates. When the
non-effective fund was balanced, which was done annually on the
30th June, 5l. was credited to the accounts of the coming year, for
each man wanting to complete the establishment, in order to meet
the expenses of the recruits who would be enlisted to fill the
vacancies.
A word, now, about the invalids. They were for service in the
garrisons; at first, merely in Great Britain, but ultimately also abroad,
for in 1775, when the war in Massachusetts was assuming
considerable proportions, the company of the 4th Battalion, which
was quartered in Newfoundland, was ordered to Boston; and the
two companies of invalids, shown as belonging to that battalion, and
then quartered at Portsmouth, were ordered to Newfoundland for
duty. Men over twenty years' service were drafted from the marching
to the invalid companies, instead of being discharged with a
pension; and the companies were officered from the regiment,
appointments in the various ranks being given to the senior
applicants.
In 1779, two additional invalid companies were added, and the ten
were consolidated into one battalion, effective companies being
given to the other battalions in their room.
The staff of the Invalid Battalion consisted of a Lieutenant-Colonel
Commandant, a Major, and an Adjutant; and the establishment of
each company was as follows:—a Captain, a First and Second
Lieutenant, 1 Sergeant, 1 Corporal, 1 Drummer, 3 Bombardiers, 6
Gunners, and 36 Matrosses. Although this battalion was fifth in order
of formation, and was frequently called the Fifth Battalion,—the real
Fifth Battalion, the services of which are sketched in the end of this
volume, was not formed until much nearer the close of the
eighteenth century.
In 1772, a Military Society was founded at Woolwich for the
discussion of professional questions. It was originated by two
officers at Gibraltar—Jardine and Williams—extracts from whose
letters to one another, when the idea occurred to them, are quaintly

amusing. Lieutenant Jardine writes:—"I have been thinking that
there must be a good deal of knowledge scattered about in this
numerous corps. Could it not be collected, concentrated, and turned
to some effect? We have already in this country all kinds of
Societies, except Military ones. I think a voluntary association might
be formed among us (admitting, perhaps, Engineers and others) on
liberal principles, viz., for their own improvement and amusement,
where military, mathematical, and philosophical knowledge, being
the chief object of their enquiries, essays, &c., might thus be
improved and propagated. They might thus communicate and
increase their own ideas, preserve themselves from vulgar errors,
and keeping one another in countenance, bear up against the
contempt of pert and presumptive ignorance. If it increased in
numbers, and grew into consequence, they might in time bring
study and real knowledge into fashion, and, retorting a juster
contempt, keep mediocrity, and false or no merit, down to their
proper sphere."
His correspondent, who was then on board a transport, and wrote
under difficulties, eagerly entered into the scheme, but for reasons
stated could not go into details. "I have many things," he writes, "in
my head, but our band (consisting of geese screaming, ducks
quacking, hogs grunting, dogs growling, puppies barking, brats
squalling, and all hands bawling) are now performing a full piece, so
that whatever my pericranium labours with, it must lie concealed
until I arrive at Retirement's Lying-in Hospital, in Solitude Row,
where I shall hope for a happy delivery."
The friends reached Woolwich that year; and in October the society
was formed. There happened to be many among the senior officers
who sympathized with the promoters, notably Generals Williamson
and Desaguliers, and Colonels Pattison and Phillips. The meetings
took place at 6 P.M. on every Saturday preceding the full moon; and
were secret, in order that an inventor might communicate his
discoveries without fear of their appropriation. With the author's
consent, however, papers might be published. The carrying-on of
experiments was one of the main purposes which animated the

society. At the present day, when the idea which animated the
promoters of the old society has blossomed into a Literary and
Scientific Institution, unparalleled in any corps in any land, which not
merely encourages and developes the intelligence and literary talent
of its members, but aids, in the highest degree, to lift the corps out
of mediocrity into science,—these old facts connected with the infant
society have a peculiar interest. The year 1872 may look back to
1772 with filial regard.
On the 8th July, 1773, the 4th Battalion arrived in New York—with
the exception of one company, which went to Newfoundland.
Within a very brief period, the political atmosphere in that country
became hopelessly overcast, and with the outbreak of the storm at
Boston, in 1775, commences at once the active history of the
American War, and of the Royal Artillery during that war, which is to
be treated by itself. But parallel with that long and disastrous
campaign, and occupying a period extending from 1779 to 1783,
was the great siege of Gibraltar. To prevent an interruption in the
thread of the American narrative, it is proposed to anticipate
matters, and passing over the years 1775 to 1778, when the eye of
the student can see nothing but America, proceed at once to the
consideration of the siege, and then return to an uninterrupted
consideration of the Artillery share in the American War from 1775 to
the Peace of 1783.
26. Colonel Cleaveland's MSS.

T
CHAPTER XXV.
The Great Siege of Gibraltar.
"Neither, while the war lasts, will Gibraltar surrender. Not though Crillon,
Nassau, Siegen, with the ablest projectors extant, are there; and Prince
Condé and Prince d'Artois have hastened to help. Wondrous leather-roofed
floating-batteries, set afloat by French-Spanish Pacte de famille, give gallant
summons; to which, nevertheless, Gibraltar answers Plutonically, with mere
torrents of red-hot iron,—as if stone Calpe had become a throat of the Pit;
and utters such a Doom's-blast of a No, as all men must credit."—Carlyle.
he year 1779 saw England engaged in war on both sides of the
Atlantic, with bitter and jealous enemies. Her struggle with the
revolted colonies offered a tempting opportunity to France to
wipe out her losses during the Seven Years' War,—and to Spain, to
wipe out the disgrace which she felt in the possession of Gibraltar by
the English. France, accordingly, espoused the cause of the
Americans; and Spain, under pretence of the rejection of an offer of
mediation between England and France, proposed in terms which
could not be accepted, immediately declared a war, which had been
decided upon from the day of the disaster at Saratoga, and for
which preparations had been progressing for some time without any
pretence of concealment.
The Royal Artillery in this year consisted of thirty-two service
companies, and eight invalid. The augmentation referred to in the
last chapter did not take place until the end of the year. Of this
number, one-half—sixteen companies—was in America; one
company in Newfoundland; three in the West Indies; three in
Minorca; and five in Gibraltar:—a total abroad of twenty-eight service
companies out of thirty-two. Nor was it a foreign service, so weary

and uneventful as it sometimes is now: it was a time when England
was fighting almost for existence, and every company had to share
the dangers. Should such a rising against England ever occur again,
the Regiment could not select as its model for imitation anything
nobler than the five companies which were in Gibraltar during the
great siege.
They were the five senior companies of the 2nd Battalion, and they
still exist, under the altered nomenclature, as,—
No. 7 Battery, 21st Brigade Intermediately in the 6th Brigade.
2 Battery 12th Brigade
7 Battery 10th Brigade
D Battery 1st Brigade
8 Battery 3rd Brigade
At the commencement of the siege, Colonel Godwin was in
command of the Artillery; but he returned to England in the
following year, on promotion to the command of the Battalion, and
died in about six years. He was succeeded by Colonel Tovey, the
same officer who had been present with his company at Belleisle;
and who, having had practical experience of Siege Artillery of the
attack, was now to head a train of Artillery of the defence, in which
duty and command he died. On his death, which happened at a
most exciting period of the siege, he was succeeded by Major Lewis,
whose conspicuous gallantry and severe wounds earned for him a
well-deserved Good Service Pension.
The strength of the Artillery was wholly inadequate to the number of
guns on the Rock. It amounted to a total of 25 officers, and 460
non-commissioned officers and men; whereas, at the termination of
the siege, the following was the serviceable and mounted
armament:—
Guns.—Seventy-seven 32-pounders; one hundred and twenty-two
24-pounders and 26-pounders; one hundred and four 18-pounders;
seventy 12-pounders; sixteen 9-pounders; twenty-five 6-pounders;
thirty-eight 4-pounders and 3-pounders.

Mortars.—Twenty-nine 13-inch; one 10-inch; six 8-inch; and thirty-
four of smaller natures.
Howitzers.—Nineteen 10-inch, and nine 8-inch.
One of the first steps taken by the Governor, General Eliott, was to
attach 180 men from the infantry to the Artillery, to learn gunnery,
and assist in the duties of the latter. The regiments in garrison were
the 12th, 39th, 56th, and 58th, also the (then) 72nd regiment. The
(then) 73rd and 97th regiments joined during the siege. There were
also 124 Engineers and artificers, and three regiments of Hanoverian
troops. The total strength of all ranks in June 1779, was 5382; but it
increased before the siege was over—by means of reinforcements
from England—to 7000.
A few statistics connected with the Artillery and their duties may,
perhaps, with advantage be prefaced to the account of the siege.
The amount of ammunition expended between September 1779|and
February 1783, was as follows:
Shot 57,163
Shell 129,151
Grape 12,681
Carcasses 926
Light Balls 679
In all 200,600 rounds, and 8000 barrels of powder.
The preponderance of the number of shell over shot was caused by
the use, during the siege, of shell from guns, with reduced charges
—as well as from mortars and howitzers; suggested by Captain
Mercier, of the 39th Regiment, and found so successful, as almost to
abolish the use of shot during the first two years. In the year 1782,
however, the value of red-hot shot against the enemy's fleet and
works was discovered; the amount of shot expended rapidly
increased; and while there was hardly a battery without the means
at hand for heating them, there was also a constant supply, already
heated, in the chief batteries.

The batteries from which the Artillery generally fired on the land side
were those known collectively as Willis's; but when the fleet, and
especially the hornet-like gunboats, commenced annoying the
garrison, the batteries towards the sea had also to be manned, and
the duty became so severe, that at times the fire had to be
slackened, literally to allow the men to snatch a few hours' sleep.
The proportion in the Royal Artillery of killed and wounded was very
great. According to the records of the 2nd Battalion, the list was
even heavier than that given by Drinkwater in his celebrated work;
but even accepting the latter version as correct, it stood as follows:
—
Out of a total of 485 of all ranks, there were:—
Killed 23
Died of wounds 8
Totally disabled 13
Wounded 116
Died of sickness 36
———
Total number of casualties 196
The officers who were killed were Captain J. Reeves and Lieutenant
J. Grumley. The former commenced his career as a matross, and
received his commission at the Havannah in 1762; the latter was a
volunteer, attached in 1778 to the Artillery in Gibraltar, and
commissioned in 1780; who enjoyed his honours for a very short
time, being killed in the bombardment of the 13th of September,
1782. The officers who were wounded were Major Lewis, Captain-
Lieutenant Seward, Lieutenants Boag, Willington, Godfrey, and
Cuppage. Of these, Lieutenant Boag was twice wounded during the
siege. He, like Captain Reeves, had commenced his service as a
matross; nor was his promotion accelerated by brevet or otherwise
on account of his wounds, in the dull times of reduction and
stagnation, which followed the peace signed at Versailles in 1783. He

was at last appointed Major in 1801. Retiring two years later, after a
service of forty-five years, he died, as he had lived, plain James
Boag,—unnoticed, forgotten, as the great siege itself was, in the
boiling whirl which was circling over Europe, fevering every head and
heart.
Two valuable inventions were made during the siege by Artillery
officers, to increase the efficacy of their fire. By means of one, a gun
could be depressed to any angle not exceeding 70°—a most
important invention in a fortification like Gibraltar.
The other discovery—if it may be called so—was in an opposite
direction. The nightly bombardment, in 1781, by the enemy's
gunboats not merely caused great damage and loss of life, but also
an annoyance and irritation out of proportion to the injury inflicted.
Governor Eliott resolved to retaliate in similar fashion, and to
bombard the Spanish camp, which it was hoped to reach by firing
from the Old Mole Head. On it was placed a 13-inch sea-service
mortar, fired at the usual elevation but with a charge of from twenty-
eight to thirty pounds of powder; and in the sand alongside, secured
by timber, and at an angle of 42°, five 32-pounders and one 18
pounder were sunk, and fired with charges of fourteen and nine
pounds of powder respectively. The results were most satisfactory,—
alarming and annoying the enemy, and in proportion cheering the
garrison.
It was impossible that a siege of such duration could continue
without the importance and responsibility of Artillery officers
becoming apparent. This fact produced an order from the Governor,
which saved them from much interference from amateur
Artillerymen in the form of Brigadiers. The officers commanding in
any part of the Fort were forbidden to interfere with the officers of
Artillery in the execution of their duty, nor were they to give orders
for firing from any of the batteries without consulting the officer who
might happen to be in charge of the Artillery.
The life of the garrison during this weary siege was, as might be
expected, monotonous in the extreme. The distress undergone, the

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