Week 10 lecture 09 sanitation

AR110-B BUILDING SERVICES
(PLUMBING)

INTRODUCTION:
purpose – to maintain such environments which do not effect the
public health.
SANITARY ENGINEERING : which deals with the removal of sewage (liquid
waste)
without causing any nuisance to the community.
IMPORTANCE : because it deals with the removal & disposal of waste of the
entire city.
• protecting water supplies from pollution
• collecting & disposing off the waste of the city
• removing rain water from a town.
• preventing the pollution of natural streams etc.
• preventing the occurrence of disease e.g. malaria, typhoid etc.

PRINCIPLES OF SANITATION
• COLLECTION – waste must be collected as soon as possible.
• CONVEYANCE – collected waste is removed by providing underground conduits
up to the disposal work so that it may not create nuisance to the public.
• BUILDING ORIENTATION – should provide fresh air & sufficient light in all the
rooms of a building. -must be prevented.
• WATER REQUIREMENTS – must be sufficient otherwise, will create unhealthy
conditions in the area.
• DISPOSAL – sewage must be disposed off in a satisfactory manner

1. MANHOLE
“Openings by which humans along with their machinery have
access to sewers
for inspection, cleaning, repair and other maintenance
operations”

1.
MANHOLEOBJECTIVE OF PROVIDING MANHOLES
• To provide an access for man for inspection and cleaning of
sewer.
• To allow jointing of sewers in case of change in direction
• To lay sewer lines in convenient length.
• To achieve ventilation for sewers.
LOCATIONS OF MANHOLES
• At change of sewer diameter or slope or direction
• At the upstream ends and at the sewer junctions
• At regular intervals/distances along straight sewer stretches

2. INSPECTION
CHAMBER
“Amanhole sited at a junction or bend in a drain to allow
clearance of blockages.”
IN SIMPLE WORDS THESE ARE SMALL MANHOLES

3. CATCH BASIN
“catch basin is a structure in the form of a chamber provided along the
sewer line, meant for the retention of heavy debris in storm water
which otherwise would be carried into the sewer system..”
These are used in combined sewer system

4. LAMP HOLE
“ These are openings, usually of small size, constructed on
straight sewer lines
between two manholes which are far apart to permit insertion of
lamps. The lamp light can be seen from the adjacent manholes
to detect any obstruction or blockage.”

Lamp
hole
Purpose of lamp hole
 Inspection of sewers between
two man hole
 May be used as flushing device
 Ventilation for sewer
It consist of vertical pipes
connected to the sewer line
through T- Junction.

5. FLUSHING TANK
“ it is arrangement which holds and throws water into sewer for
purpose of flushing
it.”
these are of two types Automatic Flushing and Hand operated

Flushing
tank
Where flushing tanks are
provided
 in the sewers which are laid
at
e
gradients that does not
produc
self-cleansing velocities.
 Near the dead ends

WASTE DISPOSAL
WASTE
DR
Y
SEMI
LIQUID
LIQUI
D
RUBBI
SH
ASHES GARBAG
E
HUMAN EXCRETA
/NIGHT SOIL
HOSPITAL &
SLAUGHTER
HOUSE
WASTE
SULLA
GE
SEWAG
E
STRO
M
WATE
R

WASTE DISPOSAL
 Any material that is discarded ,useless or unwanted is considered as a waste. OR
Any material
which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.
 Waste management is the collection, transport , processing, recycling or
disposal and
monitoring of waste materials.

SULLAGE – termed as waste water from kitchens, bathrooms, etc. but neither very
harmful
nor with a bad smell.
SEWAGE – liquid waste of society including sullage industrial waste, discharge
from urinals, water closets etc. Human and animal excreta is termed as Night
Soil.
SEWER – a pipe or conduit which carries sewage.
SEWERAGE – refers to the system of pipes, pumping stations and treatment
facilities that
collect and treat sewage.
SLUDGE – a water formed sedimentary deposit usually in a very wet condition.
COMMON TERMS

DRY
WASTE
• RUBBISH – all sun-dry solid wastes as
paper, leaves, grass, broken furniture,
pottery breakage, waste building materials
etc. Insert in chemical action.
• ASHES – residues which remain after the
combustion of coal, coke, timber &
furnaces of industries & houses.
• Garbage – includes all types of semi-solid &
semi solid waste food products as
vegetables , peeling of fruits, waste meat
etc.

SEMI-LIQUID
WASTE
which contains organic matter
• Human excreta or night soil is collected in a separate pan in the same
chamber from where it is removed through human agency.
• It is then taken outside the town in closed carts, trucks or tanks mounted on the
tractors-
trailers.
• The night soil is buried in trenches & after 2-3 yrs. It is converted into good
manure which can be used for growing crops.

LIQUID
WASTEMainly consist of wastes from kitchens, bathrooms & wash basins &
water closets & urinals
SULLAGE – liquid waste from kitchen, bathrooms & wash basins.
-does not include discharge from hospitals, operation theatres etc.
-it is only waste water & not very foul-smelling.
-carried in open drains & is given no treatment before disposal.
SEWAGE – consisting of sullage, discharge from hospitals, discharge from water
closets ,
urinals & create foul-smelling gases & so it is conveyed in covered sewers.

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SOURCES OF
WASTES
Fisheri
es
Agricultu
re

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
SOURCES OF
WASTES
Househol
ds
Commerce and
Industry

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
CLASSIFICATI
ON
 Domestic waste
 Factory waste
 Waste from oil
factory
 E-waste
 Construction waste
 Agricultural waste
 Food processing
waste
 Bio-medical waste
 Nuclear waste

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
METHODS
 Composting
 Sanitary landfill
 Incineration
 Reuse, recovery and
recycle

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
COMPOSITI
NG Aerobic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria and fungi
 To ensure a reasonable composting rate following parameters
are to be
maintained
 Temp-25- 50 0 C
 pH – 5- 8
 Moisture -50 -70%
 The material to be composted has to be segregated to remove
non bio-
degradable materials like glass , plastics ,metals and alloys

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
COMPOSITI
NG Composting process takes about 4 to 6 weeks
 Color of mass becomes dark and organic matter in the solid
waste
transforms to a stable humus
 Continuous aeration and mixing
 Composted solid waste is a good nutrient and can be used as a
manure
after addition of certain conditioners.

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
LANDFILLING
 Organic wastes are degraded by soil microorganisms
 Microbes utilize the oxygen present inside the landfill
 Followed by anaerobic decomposition
 Water soluble organic compounds generated in this process
percolates through the landfill soils.
 Land occupied by the land fill becomes unproductive
 Insects, rodents, scavenger birds, bad odor are some of the
aesthetic
problems associated with sanitary landfill

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
LANDFILLING
 Emission of methane and CO2 and leachate contamination of
ground water and soil are the environmental issues connected
with sanitary landfill.

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
LANDFILLI
NG

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
INCINERATI
ON
 Controlled combustion or conversion by application of heat
 Organic matter in the solid waste is burnt in excess oxygen to produce gaseous products
and a stable incombustible residue
 Considerable reduction in the volume of the waste
 Land required for the landfill vastly reduced
 Municipal solid-waste incinerators are designed to receive and burn a continuous supply of
refuse.
 A deep refuse storage pit, or tipping area, provides enough space for about one day of waste
storage.

Week 10 lecture 09 sanitation

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Week 10 lecture 09 sanitation