Week 4.2 forming arguments & structures
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The document provides instructions for an assignment on analyzing arguments related to influencer marketing. Students are asked to analyze several sample texts and scholarly articles on influencer marketing and answer questions about the arguments and stances presented in each. They are then instructed to have a group discussion synthesizing the sources and forming their own arguments on influencer marketing. The document concludes by providing guidance on writing inductive, deductive, and analytical thesis statements and outlines various argument structures that could be used.
Week 4.2 forming arguments & structures
- 1. ENG440 Week 4.2 Argumentative Texts DR. RUSSELL RODRIGO
- 2. Task 1. What is each text’s stand on influencer marketing? 2. Identify the structure of the arguments of each text. 3. What rhetorical appeals are used? Are they effective? 4. For deductive texts, write ONE syllogism. 5. What arguments do you form based on all of the reading sources regarding influencer marketing? 6. State clearly your opinion and three main points.
- 3. Sample Texts 1. Influencers vs. Opinion Leaders: Whom to Trust? https://www.cision.com/us/2018/07/influencers-vs- opinion-leaders/ 2. Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) vs Influencers – Who Suits Your Campaign? https://pmyb.co.uk/key- opinion-leaders-kols-vs-influencers-who-suits-your-campaign/ 3. How Effective Is Influencer Marketing? https://www.campaignmonitor.com/blog/email- marketing/2019/02/how-effective-is-influencer-marketing/ 4. 80% of marketers find influencer marketing effective https://www.smartinsights.com/online- pr/influencer-marketing-effectiveness/ 5. Are Social Media Influencers Worth The Investment? https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2018/08/21/are-social-media-influencers-worth- the-investment/#7a7412a4f452 6. The Rise and Fall of the Social Media Influencer https://marketinginsidergroup.com/influencer- marketing/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-social-media-influencer/ 7. Unpopular opinion: Influencer marketing works better without influencers https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/marketing/146269/unpopular-opinion-influencer-marketing-works- better-without-influencers
- 4. Scholarly Texts: 1. #Sponsored: The Emergence of Influencer Marketing https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3010&context=utk_chanhonoproj 2. The Rise of Social Media Influencer Marketing on Lifestyle Branding: A Case Study of Lucie Fink https://www.elon.edu/u/academics/communications/journal/wp- content/uploads/sites/153/2017/12/Fall2017Journal.pdf#page=77 3. Disclosing Instagram Influencer Advertising: The Effects of Disclosure Language on Advertising Recognition, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intent https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15252019.2017.1366885 4. Influencer identification in Twitter networks of destination marketing organizations https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JHTT-09-2016-0057/full/html 5. Marketing through Instagram influencers: the impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02650487.2017.1348035 6. #SPONSORED – INFLUENCER MARKETING ON INSTAGRAM : AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF SPONSORSHIP DISCLOSURE, PRODUCT PLACEMENT, TYPE OF INFLUENCER AND THEIR INTERPLAY ON CONSUMER RESPONSES https://essay.utwente.nl/72442/ 7. Influencer Marketing: How Message Value and Credibility Affect Consumer Trust of Branded Content on Social Mediahttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15252019.2018.1533501
- 5. Group Discussion: Influencer Marketing Sources Main Idea Your Responses Synthesis/New Opinion Formed 1 2 3 4. 5.
- 6. Thesis Statement Writing Inductive reasoning presents facts and then wraps them up with a conclusion. Deductive reasoning presents a clear stand/opinion and then provides supportive facts or examples.
- 7. Inductive Reasoning: Writing the Introduction Orient reader to purpose Address the scope Possible generalizations Question Speculation (maybe, perhaps; some think X and others think Y) Both By end, reader has a general idea of the topic and the direction (the stance) Reader does not know your bottom line or conclusion
- 8. Introduction and Question Strategy Since Dolly, the cloned sheep, was born in 1997, cloning has become a controversial issue. People are concerned not only about cloned animals, but about human cloning, because it involves many ethical problems. The latest scientific discoveries indicate that cloning can bring humans many benefits. But it can also create problems. So, it is necessary to carefully consider the question whether cloning, especially human cloning, should be encouraged or not.
- 9. Inductive Reasoning Thesis Statement Thesis statement is derives from a research question written into declarative form. Research question: Should cloning be encouraged? Thesis Statement: So, it is necessary to carefully consider the question whether cloning, especially human cloning, should be encouraged or not.
- 10. Practice: Turn the following research questions into inductive reasoning thesis statement. 1. Is influencer Marketing effective? 2. Does influencer marketing impact sales? 3. Do people still believe in influencer marketing?
- 11. Theses Statements Analytical Thesis Statement (analyse) •Example 1: An analysis of the college admission process reveals one challenge facing counselors: accepting students with high test scores or students with strong extracurricular backgrounds. •Example 2: In modern times, yoga is often viewed as an activity exclusively for women, but its history shows that it was developed primarily by men. Argumentative: Deductive Thesis Statement (argue) •Example 1: Korean food needs to be recognized along side other world cuisines because of its extensive history, its interesting use of ingredients, and its unique distinction from other Asian cuisines. •Example 2: High school graduates should be required to take a year off to pursue community service projects before entering college in order to increase their maturity and global awareness.
- 12. Practice: Thesis Statement Writing Based on the texts read and your synthesis, write the following theses statements: Deductive Inductive Analytical
- 13. Practice: Thesis Statement Writing Write ONE Deductive Social media influencers are becoming more influential because of their authenticity, precise marketing, and wide consumer reach. Influencer marketing is dying because it lacks authencity, trustworthiness, legitimacy, and influencers-turned into advertising agencies. Write ONE Inductive It is necessary to carefully consider the question whether influencer marketing is beneficial to both companies and consumers and, should be encouraged or not. It remains questionable whether consumers are still buying social media influencers’ trustworthiness, authenticity, and legitimacy.
- 14. Write ONE analytical An analysis of the fall of macro influencers in the aspects of authenticity of reviews and opinions, trustworthiness, and success criterion. Influencer marketing rose very quickly but studies revealed that its popularity and usefulness are declining due to authencity or reviews and opinion, trustworthiness, and success criterion.
- 15. What’s the difference between analytical and argumentative paper? The key difference between these writing types is that the argumentative research paper demonstrates an attempt to convince your audience of the solidity of a particular view you have on a subject. On the other hand, the research paper of analytical type is an effort to make use of your research to provide an objective picture of what information is known about the subject. The common point in both research paper types is that you’re required to conduct a thorough research of trustworthy and credible sources.
- 17. Persuasive/Argumentative Writing Structures TOPIC + Opinion POINT 1 POINT 2 POINT 3 CONCLUSION The list structure is usually fairly straightforward, in which a thesis is stated then supported by several main points.
- 18. Persuasive/Argumentative Writing Structures TOPIC FOR (1, 2, 3) AGAINST (1, 2, 3) CONCLUSION In the for and against structure, you are expected to take up a position either for or against something, or both.
- 19. Persuasive/Argumentative Writing Structures EFFECT CAUSE 1 CAUSE 2 CAUSE 3 CONCLUSION SIMPLE CAUSE COMPLEX CAUSE COMPLEX EFFECT CAUSE EFFECT CAUSE 1 CAUSE 2 EFFECT CAUSE 3 EFFECT 1 CAUSE EFFECT 2 EFFECT 3 In discussing cause and effect, we are discussing why things happen. The relationship between the two may range from simple to complex.
- 20. Persuasive/Argumentative Writing Structures PROBLEM EVALUATION OF PROBLEM SOLUTIONS (1, 2, 3) EVALUATION OF SOLUTIONS CONCLUSION In the problem/solution structure, a problem is described and a solution is proposed. There may be more than one possible solution, and you may consider all noteworthy solutions, and evaluate them. You could also look at a problem in the past and describe and evaluate the attempts to solve it.
- 21. Arguments By understanding how an argument is structured, you can: • use the structure of the argument to focus reading. • improve comprehension by understanding how one part of an argument links to another. • apply this understanding to model your own arguments.
- 23. Critical Thinking Checklist •Could you elaborate further? •Could you give me an example? •Could you illustrate what you mean? Clarity •How could we check on that? •How could we find out if that is true? •How could we verify or test that? Accuracy •Could you be more specific? •Could you give me more details? •Could you be more exact? Precision •How does that relate to the problem? •How does that bear on the question? •How does that help us with the issue? Relevance •What factors make this a difficult problem? •What are some of the complexities of this question? •What are some of the difficulties to deal with? Depth
- 24. Critical Thinking Checklist •Do we need to look at this from another perspective? •Do we need to consider another point of view? •Do we need to look at this in other ways? Breadth •Does all this make sense together? •Does your first paragraph fit in with your last? •Does what you say follow from the evidence? Logic •Is this the most important problem to consider? •Is this the central idea to focus on? •Which of these facts are most important? Significance •Do I have any vested interest in this issue? •Am I sympathetically representing the viewpoints of others? Fairness
- 25. Internal Consistency •The best argument is a clear one. All your research on the topic will be for nothing if your points are not clearly made. Stating the point •The arguments used in a line of reasoning you use must be clearly connected and point to a common conclusion. Clarity and internal consistency •Effectively evaluating other points of view helps strengthen your own arguments. Opposing arguments •Your argument is only as clear as the words use to explain it. Precision
- 26. Clarity and Consistency •All arguments should support the thesis and lead to a common conclusion. Logical consistency •Multiple reasons can be grouped by main points and then concluded throughout the body of the essay. Intermediate conclusions •Provide short summaries of points and evidence. Summative and logical conclusions •Consider the in which you organize arguments in order to best support your conclusion. Logical order
- 27. Structuring Arguments Use a separate paragraph to analyze each specific point, or if these can be stated briefly, each set of related points. Check that paragraphs are sequenced in the best possible order for bringing out your line of reasoning to your reader. Use the first or last lines of your paragraphs to help indicate the flow of your argument to the reader.
- 28. Language for writing Introducing a line of reasoning Certain words are used to signal the opening of the argument. • first • first of all • to begin • first and foremost • at the outset • initially • I will start by I will start by arguing that Feng Shui is important to every aspect of our lives and is not simply a question of decorative art. Adding similar reasons Certain words can be used to indicate that new information is being introduced that further reinforces the direction of the line of reasoning. • also • in addition • too • similarly • furthermore • moreover Similarly, the Chinese martial arts are not merely about fighting, but offer tools for understanding mind and motivation.
- 29. Language for writing Adding different reasons At other times, you may choose to reinforce the overall argument by adding new and different reasons. • in addition • as well as • not only • but also Not only can Feng Shui help to guard your health, it is believed to protect and enhance your wealth and prosperity. Strengthening the argument Authors can use words in order to indicate that they believe a reason is particularly good, or that its addition to the line of reasoning makes a more convincing case. • furthermore • moreover • indeed • what is more • such as Furthermore, Feng Shui is used in business in order to help keep customers and employees happy.
- 30. Language for writing Rebutting alternative arguments It is typical to introduce alternative points of view in order to disprove them or indicate their weaknesses. Normally you would expect the author to show why their own point of view is the more convincing. • however • on the other hand • nonetheless • notwithstanding this However, many practitioners of Feng Shui are also scientists. Introducing alternative arguments A strong argument will usually critically evaluate alternative perspectives or points of view. By doing so, authors show readers that they have considered other possibilities . • alternatively • others argue that • in might be argued that • It might be argued that Feng Shui has not been proven through rigorous scientific research.
- 31. Language for writing Contrasting and contradicting When other arguments are being considered, the author may move back and forth between their own point of view and opposing arguments. • although... • conversely • by contrast • on the one hand... • on the other hand... • in factOn the one hand there are those who argue that Feng Shui is based on mysterious principles such as yin and yang, that people in the West cannot understand. On the other hand are those who argue that Feng Shui is based on common sense and therefore suitable for everyone. Expressing results and consequences After several reasons have been considered, the author should draw out how these should be interpreted as a whole. as a result • as a consequence • hence • thus • consequently • because of this As a result, we can see that the rules governing Feng Shui at work are similar to those that apply in the home.
- 32. Language for writing concluding All the reasons and evidence presented should lead towards the conclusion. • therefore • in conclusion • thus • thus, we can see... In conclusion, Feng Shui in not a decorative art but is, rather, a sophisticated system for arranging our surroundings so that we are in greater balance and harmony with the outer world.