WHAT IS DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER? EXPLAIN ITS FEATURES AND OPERATION

SEMESTER-II
DL05 - Digital Library Architecture
ASSIGNMENT – T1
WHAT IS DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER? EXPLAIN ITS FEATURES AND
OPERATION
By Shweta Ravindra Bhavsar
Roll No - (2019PGDLIM020)
(2019-2020)
Centre for Library and Information Management Studies
Sir Dorabji Tata Memorial Library
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Origin and History of DOI ...................................................................................................1
2. FEATURES OF DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER........................................................................2
2.1 Standards and Trademark ..................................................................................................3
2.2 Components of DOI.............................................................................................................4
2.3 DOI and Library ...................................................................................................................5
2.4 DOI and Digital Rights Management..................................................................................6
2.5 Applications of DOI.............................................................................................................6
2.6 Scope of DOI........................................................................................................................6
3. BENEFITS OF DOI.....................................................................................................................7
3.1 Limitations of DOI ...............................................................................................................7
4. REGISTRATION AGENCIES .....................................................................................................8
4.1 Example ...............................................................................................................................8
5. OPERATION OF DIGITAL OBJECT MANAGEMENT................................................................8
5.1 DOI STRUCTURE.................................................................................................................8
5.2 IMPLEMENTING DOIS....................................................................................................... 10
5.3 RESOLUTION..................................................................................................................... 11
6. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS..................................................................................................... 14
7. CASE STUDY........................................................................................................................... 14
8. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 15

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1. What is Digital Object Identifier? Explain its features and operation.
Answer
1. INTRODUCTION
The Internet has changed the environment for delivering and accessing information. To
protect users and publisher access it requires new secure technologies. Also, authentication
system is required to ensure that users is getting the same information for which he/she has
asked for with protecting copyright laws and regulations. ISBN/ISSN are unique identification
number for print resources likewise publishers realized that for digital content new
identification system is required, hence developed Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system.
(DOI Handbook) “The integrated system – comprising enumeration, description, resolution
and policy making managed by the IDF, providing an identiﬁer i.e. an implemented system
of labels through a numbering scheme in an infrastructure using a speciﬁcation”. DOI first
introduced and developed by International DOI Foundation (IDF) in the year 2000. With
providing unique identification it also directs users to link of the document, to the rights
holders and facilitated automated digital commerce. It helps in easy dissemination of
digital content on electronic networks. Location of an electronic file may change
frequently due to rapid changes in electronic publishing but DOI permit an identifier to
remain stable. DOI helps in internal digital content management within a publishing house,
and in the evolving world of Internet commerce. In DOI’s first phase of the Prototype
numbers of publishers participated, now based on Phase I Prototype DOI has entered
Phase II of the Prototype. Base of this DOI architecture is developed on Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI). DOI is present and future of digital content.
Definition
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to identify objects
uniquely, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). An
implementation of the Handle System, DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic,
professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data
sets, and official publications. However, they also have been used to identify other types of
information resources, such as commercial videos. (Digital Object Identifier, n.d.)
1.2 Origin and History of DOI
In 1990’s publishes realized that existing approaches to identification that is ISBN and ISSN
for print resources would not fulfil the need of identification in electronic publishing as its
limited to identifying physical objects the difficulties with applying it to items smaller than “a

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book”. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) were in used to find particular pages/location on
the World Wide Web but not to identify content.
In October 1996 Association of American Publishers (AAP) initiated to develop tools to
enable management of copyrightable materials in an electronic environment to control the
cyberattacks. This group realized the importance of identification of content not just a
providing a location but also management of rights. Earlier, International Publishers
Association (IPA) and Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) defined a
“unique file identifier” for designating digital versions of journal articles. DOI officially
launched in 1997 and since 1998 it has been managed by International DOI
Foundation (IDF). In October 1997 at the Frankfurt Book Fair AAP, IPA and STM
combinedly accounted the launch of an open membership activity, the International DOI
Foundation (IDF) the not-for-profit" organization which promised developing of tools to
manage such persistently named entities. The IDF is totally depended on its members
(operational registration agencies) for financial support. In 2000, Crossref Registration
agencies first launched application of the DOI system citation linkage of electronic
articles. The same year NISO standardised syntax of DOI. The completion of a strategic
review, with the development of a policy on ensuring persistence, adoption of a patents
policy, etc are the few changes made in late 2005. In 2006 The main IDF technology service
is outsourced to the developers of the Handle System then in 2010 it got approval of ISO
standard.
Fig – 1.1 Home page of International DOI Foundation (IDF) (Digital Object Identifier System, n.d.)
2. FEATURES OF DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER
According to Norman Paskin DOI is unique identifier of a piece of content and a system to
access that content digitally in essence an ISBN for 21st century. DOI is a “digital identifier
DOI search box

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of an object,” not a “identifier of a digital object” DOI is a unique alphanumeric string
assigned by a registration agency. In the digital environment DOI system is compatible for
identifying and exchanging Intellectual property. DOI assigned to the article when it gets
accepted for publication. DOI is unique, persistent, international public identifier. All
DOI's begin with the number 10 and It can be assigned once and only once. DOI names
are case sensitive. The DOI system uses the Handle System. The DOI is currently limited
to 128 characters and minimum 40-character substitutions such as letters, numbers,
and symbols allowed for each place in the DOI code. The DOI System has been developed
to ensure conformance with relevant generic external formal standards which are relevant
in the Internet communities including URI and URN. This enable automated copyright
management for all types of media and in digital environment it provides framework for
managing intellectual content, helps to connect users with content suppliers. A resolution
system and a metadata framework the two technical tools on which DOI is build. There
are three parts of DOI that are the Identifier, the directory and the database. And four
primary components Enumeration, Description, Resolution and Policies. The role of the
International DOI Foundation (IDF) is to “support the needs of the intellectual property
community in the digital environment, by the development and promotion of the DOI System
as a common infrastructure for content management. The Foundation is international in its
membership and activities”. More than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by 4,000
organizations till April 2011. In April 2013 this number had increases to 85 million DOI names
assigned through 9,500 organizations. Publishers assign a unique alpha-numeric
identification to each publication. The Foundation publishes a regular e–mail news bulletin,
and holds annual meetings for members.
2.1 Standards and Trademark
The ISO Standard for DOI was approved in November 2010 and published in May 2012.
ISO standard for DOI is ISO 26324: 2012 specifies the syntax, description and resolution
functional components of the digital object identifier system, and the general principles for
the creation, registration and administration of DOI names and IDF named as the ISO 26324
Registration Authority. National Information Standards Organization (NISO), standard is
ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2010. Detailed extensible metadata schema and guarantees provided
regarding persistence covered by the ISO standard, which were not part of the NISO
standard. Through a http: proxy server DOI names may express as URLs. DOI®,
DOI.ORG® and shortDOI® are registered trademarks of the International DOI® Foundation
(IDF).

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2.2 Components of DOI
There are four components of DOI that are Enumeration, Description, Resolution and
Policies. It is an integrated system and directly depended on one another for their value.
2.2.1 Enumeration
One entity will have one unique and same number should not assigned or used to identify
different things. It is tangible and intangible number in digital and physical form and which
are simple alphanumeric string.
Fig – 2.2 Overview of the DOI System (Paskin,2003)
2.2.2 Description (METADATA)
It is most essential component of DOI system. Enables accurate and efficient retrieval
of online documents. To record metadata assignment of a DOI name requires the
registrant describe the entity to which the DOI name is being assigned. The requirement for
metadata also ensures minimum standards of quality of administration of DOI names
by registration agencies. DOI® kernel is a minimum set of such metadata is given by the
IDF and this includes some key elements such as other identifiers commonly referencing
the same referent.
The IDF also specifies the template for a DOI® Resource Metadata Declaration (RMD), a
form of message designed for the exchange of metadata between DOI System
Registration Agencies to support their service requirements. An RMD is developed by
two or more registration agencies in accordance with the IDF format and schema
specifications.
Indecs to be a powerful analysis tool in early DOI prototype work, in analysing the distinction
between one work and several formats for citation reference linking the "DOI-X" prototype.
It is being used in the commercial sector in Editeur Product Information Communication

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Standard (EPICS) which will use a common dictionary and XML expression. Indecs
documentation is now being completed: a common set of terms and a multimedia data
interchange schema <indecs>XML expression covering a wide range of content types will
be available shortly. This schema will be supported by a common multi-media dictionary
derived from the indecs model and its mapping to existing schemas, and an indecs
registry a metadata registry for mapping other schemas and terms to the indecs model.
DOI® kernel which will be used with every DOI name:
Identifier: An identifier associated with the entity from a legacy identification scheme
Title: A name by which entity is known
Type: Type of Intellectual Property entity that is being identified
Mode: The sensory mode through which the intellectual property intended to be perceived
(Audio, video)
Primary Agent: The identity of Primary agent-first name creator of the entity.
Agent Role: The role that the primary agent played in the creation of the entity.
The top-level principles that indecs identified are:
• Unique identification: every entity needs to be uniquely identified within an identified
namespace;
• Functional granularity: an entity needs to be identified only when there is a reason to
distinguish it
• Designated authority: the author of metadata must be securely identified;
• Application independence: metadata structures should be independent of any
technology platform;
• Appropriate access: everyone will need access to the metadata on which they depend
(appropriate privacy is a necessary counterpoint).
2.2.3 Policies
Rules for the operation of DOI is important. Other Identification schemes can be
distinguished from DOI. DOI provides reliable and predictable results to the users because
of this policies framework. This are the parameter of success which ensure quality.
2.3 DOI and Library
In the library community DOI initiative is promoted significantly. When the use of e-journals
started increasing that time libraries realized the need of meaningful way to provide access
to this e-resources. DOI helping to provide access to e-resources, also CrossRef, SFX,
OpenURL this can be integrated into DOI. SFX enable localized resolution of DOI, CrossRef
enable linking of publisher’s reference citation. DOI’s indexing and abstracting services

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helps in interlibrary loan. Easy document retrieval as in cataloguing will be able to insert DOI
link which displays in WebOPAC. Secure authenticity while e-resources distribution.
2.4 DOI and Digital Rights Management
DOI’s main aim is to “facilitating the creation solutions for Digital Rights Management”. This
helps in management of Digital Rights and prevent piracy. Persistent link of DOI itself helps
in DRM. DRM basically secure access control, copy protection, and enabled intellectual
property rights management system. As DOI represents “actionable identifier” which is
authenticate link content owner’s server. Even if URL will get changed then only DOI will
remain constant as it is a part of URL. Almost every publisher, vendor, content creator is
supporting DOI.
2.5 Applications of DOI
The use of DOI names by CrossRef is the first major application of the DOI System.
Publishers assigned DOI for scholarly and professional publications through registration
agency and connect users to research content which is mandatory CrossRef. Cross
reference linking system link another publisher’s platform. 30 million articles and other
content items covered by CrossRef citation linking network in mid-2007. Number of ISBN
agencies have become DOI Registration Agencies and enhancing ISBN functionality. In
2004, a programme was announced to assign DOI names to all European Union
Publications ad in 2005 it launched to persistently identify scientific data sets through the
DOI System. Any entity, at any granularity level or abstraction can have a DOI name. Each
DOI name specifies one and only one referent in the DOI System. A referent may be
specified by more than one DOI name, though this is a deprecated practice: where multiple
DOI names are assigned to the same referent, e.g. through assignment of DOI names by
two different Registration Agencies, Registration Agencies are encouraged to collaborate in
provide a unifying record for that referent.
2.6 Scope of DOI
DOI is basically designed to work over the internet and is an is an abstract framework,
semantic interoperability, persistent, metadata and resolution. DOI is a “digital identifier of
an object,” not a “identifier of a digital object.” The persistent link of digital content can be
found through DOI. It is does not replace other commonly used identifier schemes. The DOI
name syntax/metadata integrated the character string of the other identifier if object
already identified with another identifier schemes. Scope is depending on providing which
functionalities and context of use not depending on format/type of content. It can be
assigned to any form of any data such as digital, physical, or abstract. DOI also managing

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metadata, commercial or non-commercial transactions. More constrained rules for the
assignment of DOI names to objects for DOI-related services can be done by Registration
agencies as it can restrict its activities to one type of content or one type of service. The
principal focus of assignment is content-related entities such as text documents, data sets,
sound carriers, books; photographs, audio-video, software, etc, and related entities in their
management, e.g. licences, parties. A DOI name may be assigned to any object whenever
there is a functional need to distinguish it as a separate entity.
3. BENEFITS OF DOI
It does not identify the location rather identifies the entity. Persistency of DOI is remain
the same even though the location gets changes. It is fully functional and manged system.
Also, anybody can freely use DOI is globally accepted which provides multiple
instances. It can be applied to any form of Intellectual property and at any granularity
level. Works under distributed service model and namespace is extensible with
prominent and secure resolution service. ISBN, ISSN, ISRC such identifier can be work
with DOI and make them actionable. DOI is applicable for any digital environment and
compatible for future internet protocol. Also, support online copyright development model
which will support and protect intellectual property in future. DOI can manage the metadata,
numbering in DOI is most reliable and easy retrieval link between the source document
and abstracted, indexed description of source content. DOI directed users to the full-text
article, table of content of Journal, or order copies of the article.
3.1 Limitations of DOI
• “DOI system is a fairly recent concept so ample number of articles will not be assigned
with DOI number. For example, the International DOI Foundation was founded in
1998 and the publisher Elsevier appears to have started using DOIs on all of their
journal articles around 2003. So, unless a publisher has retrospectively assigned
DOIs to articles, articles published prior to 2000 are less likely to have DOIs.”
• “In RefWorks, there is a field for DOIs in the RefWorks database, however, the DOI
may not be correctly imported into that field. If a DOI is in the citation, check the
RefWorks "notes" field to see if the DOI appears there and move it to the DOI field in
the RefWorks record.” (Find a DOI for Articles: Electronic Resources - Libraries:
Baylor University, n.d.)

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4. REGISTRATION AGENCIES
Airiti, Inc., China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Crossref, DataCite,
Entertainment Identifier Registry (EIDR), The Institute of Scientific and Technical Information
of China (ISTIC), Japan Link Center (JaLC), Korea Institute of Science and Technology
Information (KISTI), Multilingual European DOI Registration Agency (mEDRA), Publications
Office of the European Union (OP) are ten Registration Agencies (RAs). The main work of
RA is registering DOI names, allocating DOI name prefixes, and providing the necessary
infrastructure to allow Registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. This
ensure state data is accurate and up-to-date and metadata is consistent and appropriate
Application Profile standards and DOI system Kernel is complying with both.
4.1 Example: In India Informatics is collaborated with CrossRef to provide DOI and assist
publishers to procuring and obtaining DOI with prefix. Assist in assigning DOI for journals,
books, conference proceeding etc. The average cost of assigning DOI per research article
is almost 400 to 500 Rs.
Fig 4.1 (DOI Deposit Form, n.d.)
5. OPERATION OF DIGITAL OBJECT MANAGEMENT
5.1 DOI STRUCTURE
DOI structure consist of three parts that is Identifier, Directory and Database.
5.1.1 Identifier/Syntax of DOI Names
DOI is alphanumeric which has no intrinsic meaning. It is unique and cannot be reused
“dumb number.” The main part of DOI structure it consists of two elements those are prefix

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Fig 5.1 DOI Structure (A Guide to Using Digital Object Identifiers, n.d.)
element and a suffix element. Also, always it not compulsory to use code. DOI name has no
fixed length it can be long and short as per the prefix and suffix elements. A prefix element
and a suffix element separated by a forward slash (/). And incorporate any printable
characters from the Unicode Standard. A unique prefix and suffix element allow the
decentralized allocation of DOI names.
Prefix: Directory indicator and Registrant code are two components of prefix which is
separated by full stop (e.g. 10.1000). DOI name is start with “10” which maintains the current
record for DOI and is identifies the Directory. “Registrant” prefix” is the second
component, Directory Manager assigned this sequential number to organizations.
Organizations can register a prefix for each major brand or product line. The prefix is
connected to the directory number by a period. The Registrant code assigned through a DOI
Registration Agency is a four-digit unique alphanumeric string assigned to an
organization that wishes to register DOI names which is optional registrant code syntax.
A registrant may have multiple registrant codes which should not be changed including
its Registrant code element, regardless of any changes in the ownership or management of
the referent object. Registrant code may divide into sub-elements for administrative
convenience.
Suffix: The suffix is separated from the prefix by a slash. suffix may be a unique sequential
number assign by the registrants using a numbering system of their own choosing or it may
incorporate an identifier generated from or based on another system used by the registrant
(e.g. ISBN, ISSN, ISTC). Also, For); for items and contributions in these journals, the Serial
Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI), in the sound recording industry, producers use the
International Standard Recording Code (ISRC), producers use the International Standard
Recording Code (ISRC), etc. Suffix can be assigned to book, abstract, software, image, etc
basically to any size of graduality.
Check Digits are free to use by Information providers in the suffix numbering scheme. DOIs
are rarely entered by hand thus generally conclude that check digits are unnecessary.

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Syntax. Currently the maximum character size of 128 per DOI that is expected to be
increased significantly during Phase II of the Prototype. % (percent), # (hash mark), " (double
quote), space, and tab this small set of characters that cannot be used inside DOIs without
special encoding because the DOI is currently being used in the context of the Web.
Granularity. A DOI may be assigned to any object, large or small, and objects with DOIs
may include other objects with DOIs. For example, an issue of a journal, single article, in the
journal, abstract of article might have DOI separately for each item. Charts and images, for
supporting data and for related elements which might not have been included with the article
5.1.2 Directory: It acts as an intermediary between the user and the rights-holder. the
directory holds all the DOI numbers and addresses of the server and routes the requests
made to the publishers. DOI acts as a catalyst and directs the user to the new location as
it updates the directory as ‘File Not Found Error’ occurs in case of a publisher moves,
changes server, or sells rights, then the. Since the number remains the same and is
attached to the same content this error can be avoided.
5.1.3 Database: The database consists of the content or information provided by the
vendor or information provider that was requested by the user. The publisher also maintains
a Index page, which is the first thing the user sees after clicking the DOI icon. The response
screen or the Index page might comprise the content itself, or it might contain information
about how to purchase the content.
5.2 IMPLEMENTING DOIS
After an organization has decided to use the DOI system, there are some steps to follow.
5.2.1 Planning phase: Securing corporate commitment in this publisher explain DOI system
throughout the organization and build a commitment to its use by sharing information about
the many benefits. Allocating personnel organizational people can give work to authorized
and assign DOIs and make changes, but a single Directory Manager Liaison will ensure that
the system works smoothly and that the Directory Manager is able to contact an organization
when there is a problem one individual will register an organization, obtain the prefix and
password. Identifying equipment needs Web server is required or designate a special
computer for this purpose. Specific configurations are depending upon size of data. Planning
the implementation need to integrate DOIs into its current and planned information
management systems. Requesting a prefix after DOI confirmation of using DOI should go
for publisher’s prefix which forms the basis for the DOI number. The liaison completes the
online registration process available at http://www.doi.org/started.html. Identifying digital
objects to tag representatives from the publishing, library, and academic communities will
meet during Phase II of the Prototype to discuss guidelines. Digital objects can be existing

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electronic products, newly planned digital offerings, or even digital product announcements,
online services, or internal digital archives. Determining a numbering scheme The first
element is the prefix, assigned by the Directory Manager. The second element is the suffix,
which is assigned by the registrant to the specific content being identified.
5.2.2 Implementation Phase
Response Pages DOI directs to the world wide web pages. Typically, the structure of a
Website that includes DOIs is the same as a site that does not include DOIs and added to
the DOI Directory at the time the DOI is deposited. Copyright holders gives hyperlinks or
icon for directed towards content and in the source file the DOI will appear as a URL in an
Fig 5.2 (A Guide to Using Digital Object Identifiers, n.d.)
anchor tag.example <a href=”http://dx.doi.org/10.1234/5678”><img src=”doibutton.gif”></a>
Internal tracking system may guide users for further details. DOIs provide assurance that
wherever the citations turn up, they will remain accurate and reliable links even years after
the content has been relocated multiple times to various archives and digital repositories,
assuming of course that the content owners keep the appropriate directory entries current.
Depositing DOIs and Their Associated Data the Directory Manager maintains full
administrative support for DOI registration at the Web site http://www.doi.org. Simple forms
are available for entering a small number of DOIs one at a time, and a batch mode deposit
method may be selected for depositing large numbers of DOIs. Ongoing DOI maintenance
Publishers maintains the DOI and resolve valid URLs regardless of hardware, software or
personnel changes occurring within an organization.
5.3 RESOLUTION
“Resolution is the process in which an identifier is the input — a request — to a network
service to receive in return a specific output of one or more pieces of current information
(state data) related to the identified entity: e.g., a location (URL)”. Handle System used as
the DOI resolution component made Multiple resolution possible. is the return as output of
several pieces of current information related to a DOI-identified entity — specifically at least
one URL plus defined data structures allowing management.
There are two types of resolution Simple resolution and Multiple resolution.

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Simple Resolution: A single redirection from a DOI name to a digital location (URL). The
role of the DOI system as a persistent identifier. A DOI name persistently identifies a specific
intellectual property entity (object), which may or may not be an Internet-accessible file.
URLs the first identifies an entity and the second identifies a location. Each DOI name can
be resolve through single URL. This allows the location of an entity to be changed while
maintaining the name of the entity as an actionable identifier, by actively managing in the
DOI record the link between a DOI and the URL to which it is resolved.
Fig 5.1 Simple Resolution (Paskin,2010)
A DOI name (10.1000/123) has been assigned to a content entity; the DOI system provides
resolution from that name to a current URL. When the content, previously at URL xyz.com,
is moved to a new URL newco.com, a single change in the DOI directory is made all
instances of the DOI name identifying that content. will resolve to the new URL, without the
user having to take any action or be aware of the change.
Multiple resolution: Multiple resolution allows one entity to be resolved to multiple other
pieces of data or entities. Resolution of a DOI name can include, but is not restricted to
resolution names, types, locations, identifiers, times, measurements, descriptions,
classifications, relationships to other entities. To associated values such as a location (URL)
records can include one or more URL. An e-mail address, another DOI name and
descriptive metadata. The referent can be of various types such as abstract "works",
physical "manifestations", or performances and are not always directly accessible in the
form of a digital file or other manifestation i.e. resolution might or might not return an
instance of the object. Resolution can also involve one or more intermediate mapping
operations.
Through automated multiple resolution a DOI name can be resolved to an arbitrary number
of different points on the Internet: multiple URLs, other DOI names, and other data types. At

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its simplest, the user may be provided with a list from which to make a manual choice.
However, this is not a scalable solution for an increasingly complex and automated
environment. The DOI system enables automation of "service requests", through which
users (and, more importantly, users' application software) can be passed seamlessly from
a DOI name to the specific service that they require.
Fig 5.2 Multiple resolution (Paskin,2010)
3. Objects (identified by DOI names) which have common behavior (defined by metadata)
can be grouped, using DOI application profiles; these application profiles can in turn be
associated with one or more services applicable to that group of DOI names.

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Fig 5.3 DOI Data Model (Paskin,2010)
6. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Development of DOI is rapid due to internet and ICT tools. It is following the early acceptance
of the principles of the system and its adoption in initial applications. In July 2002, there
were five DOI Registration Agencies had been appointed as of now in 2020 there it has
increased to ten Registration Agencies. Several million DOIs had been issued, and the DOI
had been well integrated into several related standards activities, with many applications
actively under development. That development is evident in all aspects of the DOI System
technology, procedure, and policy.
7. CASE STUDY
(Wang, 2017) did a case study of “Digital object identiﬁer and its use in core Chinese
academic journals: A Chinese perspective” and found out use of DOI in China is less. Using
an isometric method and studied 238 core Chinese academic journals from the Chinese
Science and Technical Journal Citation Reports. Researcher found out that 80.25% of
journals assign DOIs, 42.41% have only assigned DOIs to articles published after 2010.
Also, most journals (89.01%) register DOIs through Institute of Scientiﬁc and Technical

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Information of China; and only 84.82% of journals that register DOIs include them in the
articles.
8. CONCLUSION
DOI is nothing but the unique identification number in the digital world similar to ISBN in
printed version. Through internet DOI is a system for interoperable identifying and
exchanging intellectual property in the digital environment. It has enhanced the content
availability and visibility helped in electronic trade. This able to manage the content in any
form at any level of granularity. Provide unique and persistent link to users. And the
International DOI Foundation (IDF) manages DOI’s development, policies, and licensing of
the DOI to registration agencies and technology providers. DOI is present and future of
e-content management.
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