When two language communities meet they affect each other
- 1. MIXED LANGUAGES Chipalo, A. J DUCE
- 2. Mixed Languages • No language is in any sense free from all influences from other neighbouring languages and cultures • Consider the effects of Arabic, German and English languages in the development of Kiswahili • Some languages in the world are mixtures of elements from many sources
- 3. Pidgins • Pidgin is a term used to refer to a speech variety developed by speakers of two or more different languages who came into contact with each other and don’t know each other language • A pidgin is not a native language of any group. • Mostly pidgins are a result of contact situations between people who are seeking to do business with each other.
- 4. • As pidgins are confined to market place they are sometimes called trade languages or trade jargons. • However there are cases where pidgins arise as a result of speech simplification • For instance when an English native speaker attempts to communicate with a non native speaker by relying on simple concepts and avoiding the complicated constructions
- 5. • Most of the lexical items of the pidgin come from the language of the dominant group. • This dominant language is called the superstrate or lexifier language • The other language or languages also contribute to the phonology (and grammar but in a less obvious way). • These minority languages are are called substrate.
- 6. • Consider an example of Hawaii pidgin spoken by Philippines prior to 1930 – Wok had dis pipl – Work hard these people – These people work hard • The pidgin consists of English words but the verb in initial position which is a feature of Philippine language.
- 7. Lingua Franca • A lingua franca is a third language that is used for communication among speakers of different native languages • This term was derived from a medieval trade language called lingua franca • It was used in the Mediterranean region largely based on Romance languages (Italian, French & Spanish) but also containing elements of Greek, Arabic & Turkish.
- 8. • Lingua Franca can be a pidgin or a native language of a people. • For example Kiswahili is a lingua franca among the Tanzania societies • Also the languages that are used in international conferences serves the role of lingua franca • Some lingua franca arise naturally while others are instituted by government policy and intervention.
- 9. Creoles • A creole is a language that having originated as a pidgin has become established as a first language in some speech community. • Simply put a creole is a developed pidgin • In cases where creole has become first languages continue to exist along side the standard variety that was originally pidginised. • Creole has no stable base of written tradition
- 10. • It is subject to influence of the standard variety • It tends to change more rapidly over time • Like in any other native languages varieties of the creole emerge • Some of the varieties resemble the standard
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