The document discusses key components of the Windows graphical user interface including the desktop, My Computer icon, recycle bin, start button, taskbar, shortcuts, and minimize, maximize and close buttons. It explains that the desktop is the first screen seen after startup and contains folders like My Documents. The My Computer icon opens a window to access the computer's hard drive, while the recycle bin is where deleted files are temporarily stored. The taskbar lists open applications and files, and multiple applications can be run simultaneously through multitasking.