Word and word formation process
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This document discusses 11 word formation processes: etymology, coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, and multiple processes. It provides examples for each process and explains how new words are created through modifying, combining, shortening, or deriving elements from existing words. The key word formation processes that generate many new English words are borrowing, derivation using affixes, and compounding.
Word and word formation process
- 1. APPLIED LINGUISTICS 1. SOU SOKHEANG 2. THANG PHOUVIENG 3. CCHEN HONGLY 4. CHREV RUN 5. REY MAB 6. SAT SOMBO Submitted to lecturer: Mr. Kak Sovanna Semester I, Year IV, Batch VII, Academic Year 2016-2017 Topic: Words and Word- formation processes
- 2. I. Etymology II. Coinage III. Borrowing IV. Compounding V. Blending VI. Clipping VII.Backformation VIII.Conversion IX. Acronym X. Derivation XI. Multiple processes Introduction Words and Word-formation Processes
- 3. Introduction Word Part of speech Pronunciation Spelling Root or Origin Prefixes and Suffixes Meaning Antonym Synonym Function Words and Word-formation Processes
- 4. What is Linguistics? Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguists do work on specific languages, but their primary goal is to understand the nature of Language in general. Linguistics deal with the study of particular languages, and the search for general properties common to all languages or large group of languages.
- 5. Language is a social fact, a kind of social contact, or a system of communication consisting of sounds, word or grammar, or the system of communication used by people of particular country or profession. What is language? Introduction
- 6. I. Etymology • The study of origin and history of a word is known as its etymology, a term which, like many of our technical words, comes to us through Latin, but has its origins in Greek (étymon “original form” + logia “study of”, and it not to be confused with entomology, also from Greek(éntomon “insect”).
- 7. II. Coinage • One of the least common processes of word formation in English is coinage , that is, the invention of totally new terms. The most typical sources are invented trade name for commercial product. Older examples are aspirin, nylon, Vaseline and zipper; more recent examples are Kleenex, Teflon, Tylenol and Xerox.
- 8. • New words based on the name of a person or a place are called eponyms. When we talked about a hoover( or even a spangler ), we were using an eponym. Examples : sandwich (from the eighteenth- century Earl of gambling) and jeans (from the Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made). II. Coinage
- 9. III. Borrowing • As Bill Bryson observed in the quotation presented earlier, one of the most common sources of new words in English is the process simply labelled borrowing, that is, the taking over of words from other languages. Throughout its history, the English language has adopted a vast number of the words from other languages, including croissant (French), dope (Dutch), lilac (Persian), piano (Italian), pretzel (German), sofa (Arab), tattoo (Tahitian), tycoon (Japanese), yogurt (Turkish), and zebra (Bantu).
- 10. • Other languages, of course, borrow terms from English, as in the Japanese use of suupaa or suupaamaaketto (‘supermarket’)and taipuraitaa (‘typewriter’), Hungarians talking about sport, klub and futbal, or the French discussing problems of le stress, over the glass of le whisky, during le weekend. III. Borrowing
- 11. • A special type of borrowing is described as loan translation or calque. In this process, there is a direct translation of the elements of the words into the borrowing language. Interesting examples are the French term grate-ciel, which literally translates as ‘scraper sky’, the Dutch wolkenkrabber (‘cloud scratcher’), or the German Wolkenkratzer (‘cloud scraper’), all of which were calques for the English skyscraper. III. Borrowing
- 12. IV. Compounding • In some of those examples we have just considered, there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form. • Examples :(n) Common English compounds are bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, sunburn, text book, wallpaper, wastebasket and waterbed… • Examples :(adj) Good- looking, old- fashion, well- known, part- time…
- 13. V. Blending • The combination of two separate forms to produce a single ne term is present in the process called blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the beginning of the word and joining it to the end of the word. • Examples of blending are bit (binary/digit), brunch (breakfast/lunch), motel (motor/hotel), telecast (television/broadcast), infotainment (information/entertainment), simulcast (simultaneous/broadcast), Spanglish (Spanish/English)…
- 14. VI. Clipping • The element of the reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent the process described as clipping.(It is common in movie or ‘movie pictures’ • Examples of clipping are telly (television), Aussie (‘Australian’), Barbie (‘barbecue’), Bookie (‘bookmarker’), brekky (‘breakfast’) and hankie(‘handkerchief’)…
- 15. VII. Backformation • A very specialized type of reduction process is known as backformation. • Example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and then the verb televise was created from it. emotion emote option opt enthusiasm enthuse liaison liaise
- 16. VIII. Conversion • A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb( without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Other labels for this very common process are ‘category change’ and ‘function shift’. • A number of nouns are bottle, chair, butter, vacation…Examples: - We bottled the homebrew last night, have. - Have you buttered the toast? - Someone has to chair the meeting. - There are vacationing in Florida.
- 17. IX. Acronym • Acronym are new words formed from the initial letter of a set of other words. • Examples of acronyms are CD, VCD, NATO, NASA, OR UNESCO… • Examples of acronyms are radar (‘radio detecting and ranging’), zip (‘zone improvement plan’), ATM (‘automatic teller machine’), PIN (‘personal identification number’)
- 18. X. Derivation • In our list so far, we have not dealt with what is by far the most common word formation process to be found in the production of new English words. These small ‘bit’ are generally described as affixes (prefixes and suffixes) like un-, nis-, pre-, -ful, - less, -ness, which appear in words like unhappy, misrepresent, prejudge, joyful, careless, boyish, terrorism and sadness…
- 19. XI. Multiple processes • Although we have concentrated on each of these word-formation processes in isolation, it is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word. • For example, the term deli seems to have become a common American English expression via a process of first borrowing delicatessen (from German) and then clipping that borrowed form.
- 20. XI. Sum up of Words and Word- formation Processes Etymology Coinage Borrowing Compounding Blending Clipping Backformation Conversion Acronym Derivation Multiple processes What are the words and word- formation processes?