![Introduction
Obvious differences occur when a individual is
shouting, is suffering from a bad cold or is asking for a
sixth martini.
How do we manage consistently to recognize all those
versions, for example of the word :
me as the form [mi]
not [ni] or [si] or [ma]
or [mo] or something else entirely?
Phonology.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thesoundpatternsoflanguage-140519123738-phpapp02/85/The-sound-patterns-of-language-2-320.jpg)
![Phones and allophones
Phoneme: abstract unit or sound-type (“in the mind”), there are many different
versions of that sound-type regularly produced in actual speech (“in the
mouth”).
What are the Phones? Phones are phonetic units and appear in square brackets.
Allophones: When we have a set of phones, all of which are versions of one
phoneme, we add the prefix “allo-” (= one of a closely related set) and refer to
them as allophones of that phoneme.
Example: [t] the [t] sound in the word tar is normally pronounced with a
stronger puff of air than is present in the [t] sound in the word star.
Distinction between phonemes and allophone is that substituting one phoneme
for another will result in a word with a different meaning
Substituting allophones results in diff difference in the pronunciation of /i/ in the
words seed and seen. In the second word, the effect of the nasal consonant [n]
] in a narrow
phonetic transcription. So, there are at least two phones,
], used to realize the single phoneme.
They are both allophones of /i/ in English.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thesoundpatternsoflanguage-140519123738-phpapp02/85/The-sound-patterns-of-language-5-320.jpg)
The sound patterns of language
- 1. The sound patterns of language By:- Saray Cisternas. -Claudio Fuentealba. -Camila Martinez. -Viviana Sanhueza. Teacher: M.Gabriela Valenzuela Date: 19-May-2014 Course: General Linguistics
- 2. Introduction Obvious differences occur when a individual is shouting, is suffering from a bad cold or is asking for a sixth martini. How do we manage consistently to recognize all those versions, for example of the word : me as the form [mi] not [ni] or [si] or [ma] or [mo] or something else entirely? Phonology.
- 3. Phonology Phonology from Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion") Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Phonology is concerned with the abstract set of sounds in a language that allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and hear.
- 4. Phonemes o Each meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language. o When we learn to use alphabetic writing, we are actually using the concept of the phoneme as the single stable sound type which is represented by a single written symbol. o An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively. This contrastive property is the basic operational test for determining the phonemes that exist in a language. o The basic phonemes of English are listed with the consonant, vowel and diphthong diagrams
- 5. Phones and allophones Phoneme: abstract unit or sound-type (“in the mind”), there are many different versions of that sound-type regularly produced in actual speech (“in the mouth”). What are the Phones? Phones are phonetic units and appear in square brackets. Allophones: When we have a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme, we add the prefix “allo-” (= one of a closely related set) and refer to them as allophones of that phoneme. Example: [t] the [t] sound in the word tar is normally pronounced with a stronger puff of air than is present in the [t] sound in the word star. Distinction between phonemes and allophone is that substituting one phoneme for another will result in a word with a different meaning Substituting allophones results in diff difference in the pronunciation of /i/ in the words seed and seen. In the second word, the effect of the nasal consonant [n] ] in a narrow phonetic transcription. So, there are at least two phones, ], used to realize the single phoneme. They are both allophones of /i/ in English.
- 6. Minimal pairs and sets What is a minimal pair? Are two words that are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same position. Examples: fan–van, bet–bat, site–side Minimal pairs have traditionally been used in the teaching and testing of English as a second or foreign language to help students develop the ability to understand the contrast in meaning based on the minimal sound contrast. Minimal Set: When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position in the word), Example : feat, fit, fat, fate, fought, foot, (based on the vowel) big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig.(based on consonant) Coarticulation: The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound.
- 7. Phonotactics This type of exercise involving minimal sets also allows us to see that there are definite patterns in the types of sound combinations permitted in a language. In other words, Phonotactics are the rules govern the combinations and ordering of phonemes in a syllable.
- 8. Syllables A syllable must contain a vowel or vowel-like sound, including diphthongs. There are some basic internal segmental structure as follows Onset Nucleus Coda
- 9. Syllables like me, to or no have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda. They are known as open syllables. When a coda is present, as in the syllables up, cup, at or hat, they are called closed syllables. The basic structure of the kind of syllable found in English words like green (CCVC), eggs (VCC), and (VCC), ham (CVC), I (V), do (CV), not (CVC), like (CVC), them (CVC), Sam (CVC), am (VC) is shown in the accom- panying diagram.
- 10. Consonant clusters In English the number of consonants in sequence could be 3 maximum in initial position and up to 4 in the final one and can of course occur in the median position. (C)+(C)+ (C) - V - (C)+(C)+(C)+(C) The combination /st/ is a consonant cluster (CC) used as onset in the first consonant must always be /s/, followed by one of the voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, /k/) and a liquid or glide (/l/, /r/,/w/). You can check if this description is adequate for the combinations in splash, spring, strong, scream and square.
- 11. Coarticulation effects The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound is called coarticulation. There are two well-known coarticulation effects, described as assimilation and elision.
- 12. Assimilation When two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or “copied” by the other, the process is known as assimilation. Vowels are also subject to assimilation. can /kæn/ I can go /aɪkəŋɡoʊ/ and /ən/ you and me /juənmi/
- 13. Elision Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase, producing a result that is easier for the speaker to pronounce. friendship /frɛnʃɪp/ In consonant clusters aspects /æspɛks/ he must be /himəsbi/ Vowels also disappear every /ɛvri/ interest /ɪntrɪst/ camera /kæmrə/
- 14. Conclusion In a sense, every individual has a physically different vocal tract. Consequently, in purely physical terms, every individual will pronounce sounds differently. Finally, there are, potentially millions of physically different ways of saying a simple word.