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NR is 3GPP's new 5G radio access technology that uses OFDM modulation. It supports both standalone and non-standalone deployment models and can operate from low to very high frequency bands between 0.4-100 GHz. NR is being developed in two phases to address different 5G use cases such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications, and ultra-reliable low latency communications.

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© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 1 NR: 3GPP’s 5G radio access technology John M Meredith Director, ETSI Mobile Competence Centre
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 2 What is 5G NR ? NR is a major new radio access technology developed by 3GPP, as a logical further step beyond LTE-Advanced Pro. But like LTE, NR uses modulation based on OFDM for both downlink and uplink. (LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, SC-FDMA* for the uplink.) Operation from quite low to very high bands: 0.4 – 100 Ghz • Including stand-alone operation in unlicensed bands Ultra wide bandwidth • Up to 100MHz in bands below 6 GHz • Up to 400MHz in bands above 6 GHz *SC-FDMA - a modification of OFDM giving better peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) and thus lower power consumption in mobile units. A number of OFDM variants are possible with NR, each optimizing certain parameters.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 3 What did we set out to achieve ? Source: ITU-R
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 4 Which is more important? Evolved Mobile Broadband is important • The main priority for some early operators • Business models and revenue streams are well understood • 5G Phase1 addresses very well this use case family ...but so are Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications • URLLC features are contained in 5G Phase 1 • URLLC and mMTC to be fully covered in 5G Phase 2
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 5 Is 5G just higher data rates ? IMT2020 detailed performance targets are being set by ITU-R as follows: • Peak data rate [Downlink: 20Gbit/s, Uplink: 10Gbit/s] • Peak spectral efficiency [Downlink: 30bit/s/Hz, Uplink: 15bit/s/Hz] • User experienced data rate [Dense Urban Downlink: 100Mbit/s, Uplink: 50Gbit/s] • 5th percentile user spectral efficiency [Indoor Hotspot, eMBB scenario: Downlink: 0,3bit/s/Hz] • Average spectral efficiency [Indoor Hotspot, eMBB scenario: Downlink: 9bit/s/Hz/TRxP] • Area traffic capacity [Downlink indoor hotspot (eMBB scenario): 10Mbit/s/m2] • User plane latency [4ms for eMBB, 1 ms for URLLC] • Control plane latency [Maximum 20ms, ideally 10ms] • Connection density [eMTC scenario, 1 000 000 devices per km2] • Energy efficiency [no values at this stage] • Reliability [URLLC scenario: 1/10-5] • Mobility [Up to 500 km/h (rural eMBB)] • Mobility interruption time [eMBB and URLLC scenarios: 0ms] • Bandwidth [Minimum 100MHz, Maximum 1GHz]
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 6 Where did our work begin? 3GPP consultative workshop: Phoenix, September 2015 • 550 experts from industry, government, regulators, research and academia • Agreed to split 5G Standardization into two phases: • Phase 1 (new radio and core network) to be delivered by mid 2018 (to address a more urgent sub-set of commercial needs) • Phase 2 to be delivered by end 2019 (to address all identified use cases and requirements) • Agreed that 5G standards must address 3 major use case families: eMBB, mMTC, URLLC • Intention was to enable new industry sectors to benefit from 5G (e.g., Automotive, Health, Energy, Manufacturing …) ...but 5G building blocks were already being defined in ETSI, e.g.: • ETSI ISG Network Functions Virtualization (NFV): started work in 2013 • ETSI ISG Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC): started work in 2014 NFV OSM MEC ENI NGP
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 7 Numerology Numerology: The believe in the divine, mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events; also the study of the numerical value of the letters in words, names and ideas. Often associated with the paranormal, alongside astrology and similar divinatory arts. Numerology: The codification of the relationship between channels and carrier frequencies in different spectral bands.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 8 Numerology Scalable OFDM numerology with scaling of subcarrier spacing. • LTE supports carrier bandwidths up to 20 MHz with a mainly fixed OFDM numerology – 15 kHz subcarrier spacing. But NR offers scalable OFDM numerology to support diverse spectrum bands and deployment models. NR can operate in mmWave bands with wide channel widths (hundreds of MHz) and the OFDM subcarrier spacing has to be able to scale accordingly so that FFT complexity does not increase exponentially for wider bandwidths.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 9 Numerology Native forward compatibility mechanisms – the numerology is inherently adaptable to any frequency band. New channel coding • LDPC* for data channel, Polar coding for control channel 15*2N kHz sub-carrier spacing *Low-Density Parity-Checking [code]
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 10 Numerology Numerology: The believe in the divine, mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events; also the study of the numerical value of the letters in words, names and ideas. Often associated with the paranormal, alongside astrology and similar divinatory arts. Extracts from TS 38.212
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 11 What do I get from NR ? Native support for Low Latency and Ultra Reliability Flexible and modular RAN architecture: split fronthaul, split control- and user-planes Native end-to-end support for Network Slicing
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 12 Delivering the 5G vision through multiple phases
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 13 When do I get NR ? Summary - Licensed bands between 600MHz – 39 GHz - LTE-Anchored 5G (NSA), and Standalone (SA) 5G - Basic URLLC support - Massive MIMO - Flexible RAN architecture - Fulfills IMT2020 criteria
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 14 Is there more to come ? … towards the full 5G vision: - V2X support – autonomous driving - Enhanced MIMO - Support for Unlicensed bands - Factory automation - Support of higher bands (>52.6 GHz) - …
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 15 Who is doing what? Developing internet protocol specs ITU-R/T Developing Mobile application specs Reference to 3GPP specs Partners referring to 3GPP specs for the local use Referring to specs Cross reference Requirements Japan EU Korea China North America 3GPP Market Partners Terminal certification based on 3GPP specs Cross reference of specs India Developing Recommendations Specifying a complete 5G system description
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 16 source: RP-172098 ITU-R submission for IMT-2020
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 17 RAN #79: “late drop” for NR in Rel-15
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 18 Where are we now? 5G NR (first drop) completed ahead of schedule • The specification of 5G NSA NR completed in December 2017, 6 months ahead of schedule, at the request of those players that wished to deploy 5G early (in non-standalone mode) • The remainder of 5G Phase 1* (including Next Generation Core Network) on schedule to be completed by June 2018 (enabling deployment in standalone mode) • *A few aspects of some architectures will be completed in a late drop in December 2018. ... but how was that possible? • 3GPP Working Groups saw a large increase in experts participation (around 600 experts present in some working group meetings) • Some 5-day meetings addressed ~ 3000 contributions • During 2017, 3GPP processed 100 000 input contributions over 75 000 delegate/days of meetings • This represents an unprecedented effort from the whole industry.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 19 Is it just the same old faces? 3GPP Members now include, for example: • Agricultural machinery manufacturers (e.g., John Deere, Husqvana, etc) • Automotive manufactures (e.g, Volkswagen, Volvo, Toyota) • Rail (e.g., International Union of Railways) • Factory Automation companies (e.g., Siemens) • Energy Sector (e.g., Legrand) • Environment (e.g., Veolia) • Broadcasting Community (e.g., EBU, BBC, TDF) • Satellite Community (e.g., ESO, Inmarsat) • Aerospace (e.g., Lockheed Martin, BAE) • Retail Sector (e.g., Alibaba) • Social Media (e.g., Facebook) • Advertising (e.g., Google) Full listing available here: http://www.3gpp.org/about-3gpp/membership
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 20 Is it really an International Standard? Participation in 3GPP: 570 member companies in 43 countries from 5 continents: • Africa • Asia (especially China, India, Japan and Korea) • Australia • Greater Europe • North America
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 21 Release timeline unchanged Rel-15 schedule unchanged • Architecture Option 3: ASN.1 Freeze March 2018 • RAN#79 endorsed the freeze of NSA ASN.1 and approved the corresponding CRs • Architecture Option 2: ASN.1 Freeze September 2018 • Architecture Option 5: ASN.1 Freeze September 2018 (only impacts LTE ASN.1) • Priorities unchanged: Until June WGs shall prioritize Option-3 stabilization (only essential corrections allowed), and on Option-2 specification work Rel-16 schedule unchanged • Approval of the main package of SIs/WIs to be done in June/2018 as already planned • Approval of further urgent items at a later stage shall still be possible • TU and project planning of all SIs/WIs (already approved ones and newly approved ones) will be done together as a package in June/2018 and adjusted in subsequent RAN plenary meetings
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 22 Late drop for Rel-15 Introduce a late drop for Rel-15 that follows Rel-15 completion by 6 months The late drop is to exclusively contain NR architecture options that were not completed by September ASN.1 drop • Options 4, 7 are part of the late drop • NR-NR Dual Connectivity to be considered to be added to the late drop at RAN#80 • Scope to target minimum RAN1 impact, scope to be addressed at RAN#80 • NR-NR DC band combinations (limited to FR1-FR2) can be proposed in RAN4 in Q2, pending final approval at RAN#80 • No other WG work to proceed specifically on NR-NR DC in Q2 • Hardware impacts for the late drop should be avoided • After RAN#79, no further functionality will be considered to be included in the late drop • Band combinations which are not completed by June 2018 (other than NR-NR DC combinations) will be moved to Rel-16 band specifications, but continue to be release independent. • In case Option 5 is not completed by September ASN.1 drop, it will be part of the late drop The late Rel-15 ASN.1 drop is to be strictly backwards compatible No assumptions are made in this proposal on UE capabilities wrt different NR architecture options
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 23 Rel-16 planning RAN#80 in June will target to approve the bulk of the Release-16 work package (SIs/WIs). • The approval process will plan for 6 “ordinary” WG meetings per year plus additional “ad hoc” meetings. RAN is conducting several email discussions to consolidate the scope for larger work areas. See the full list in RP-172795 and RP-180594. Goals and principles for these email discussions is unchanged, see RP-172795. Other individual company proposals are also encouraged to be further developed on the RAN_Drafts exploder.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 24 Other Release 15 NR study items These studies are preparing for potential normative Release 16 work items ... Study on NR to support non-terrestrial networks RP-171450 Study on NR-based access to unlicensed spectrum RP-172021 Study on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for NR RP-171043 Study on integrated access and backhaul for NR RP-172290 Study on CU-DU lower layer split for New Radio RP-172797 Study of test methods for New Radio RP-180546 Study on eNB(s) Architecture Evolution for E-UTRAN and NG-RAN RP-172707 Study on evaluation methodology of new V2X use cases for LTE and NR RP-171093 Feasibility Study on 6 GHz for LTE and NR in Licensed and Unlicensed Operations: RP-180168 All tdocs are freely available via the web site and portal.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 25 The global spectrum landscape
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 26 No. To realize the full potential of what NR can offer, the core network needs to evolve from the Enhanced Packet Core (EPS) of 4G to the Next Generation Core Network (NGCN) of 5G. Is 5G just NR ? So what does the (simplified) architecture look like?
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 27 The 4G system 5G system architecture The 5G system No fewer than 12 potential architectural migration options were described in 3GPP TDoc RP-161266 in June 2016.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 28 5G system architecture
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 29 5G system architecture
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 30 5G system architecture
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 31 5G system architecture
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 32 5G system architecture
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 33 5G system architecture
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 34 5G system architecture Stand-alone (SA) and non-stand-alone (NSA) NSA: NR mobiles connect to the NR base station (gNB), and the gNB backhauls via an LTE base station (eNB) to the EPC core network. SA: NR mobiles connect to the NR gNB, and the gNB backhauls directly to the NGCN.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 35 5G system architecture Stand-alone (SA) and non-stand-alone (NSA) The “LTE-assisted” NSA options (3a, 4a, 7a, 8a) allow the mobile’s user- plane traffic to pass directly from the NR to the EPC. Control-plane traffic still passes via the LTE radio access network.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 36 5G system architecture 3GPP decided to concentrate initially on NSA option 3 – being the easiest to roll out by operators having existing LTE networks. The specifications for these were completed in December 2017.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 37 5G system architecture SA specifications will be completed in two drops, June 2018 (most remaining architectures) and December 2018 (options 4 & 7). Both evolved LTE and NR radio access technology networks will co-exist for the foreseeable future, with evolved LTE at lower frequency bands and NR at higher bands. The EPC will evolve into the NGCN.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 38 Note that the 4G network (LTE radio + EPC core) will continue to exist in the 5G era. From Release 15 onwards, all 3GPP specifications will be badged as except those few legacy specs which are restricted to GSM/EDGE (4x.- and 5x.-series) or UMTS (25.-series) radio technologies, or pure circuit-switched functionality. 5G system architecture
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 39 GERAN (GSM/EDGE) = 4x.- and 5x.-series UTRAN (3G including HSPA) = 25.-series E-UTRAN (pre-4G Releases 8..9) (true 4G Releases 10..12) (and Releases 13..14) = 36.-series NR (5G Release 15 ...) = 38.-series Multi-RAT, including Wi-Fi® = 37.-series Radio technology spec series
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 40 Topological considerations NR offers the next step in the evolution of cellular performance, but at the cost of much higher base station densities (and therefore much smaller cells). Using millimeter waves is now technologically feasible at reasonable complexity and cost. But …
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 41 Topological considerations These mm wavelengths suffer poorer propagation characteristics compared with longer wavelengths: high penetration loss reduced diffraction increased scattering increased reflection, even from “small” objects such as lamp-posts higher absorption by atmosphere (rain, snow, fog, …), vegetation (leafy trees), and even human bodies … 5G channel model – see 3GPP TR 38.901.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 42 Topological considerations But these problems can be countered by … massive multiple input multiple output antenna arrays 8x8, 16x16, … 256x256 … (?)
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 43 Topological considerations … which become feasible at these wavelengths, even in the mobile unit, offering dynamic beamforming, allowing base stations to track moving mobiles, using low, but concentrated, RF power output …
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 44 Topological considerations … and hence permitting intelligent diversity using multipath reflections to improve (rather than detract from!) performance, re-routing the beam around obstacles;
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 45 Topological considerations “Dual Connectivity” (DC) whereby, near handover time, a mobile unit will be connected to two base stations, ensuring seamless handover.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 46 Topological considerations Coordinated multi-point connectivity (CoMP) – improvement near cell edge to allow simultaneous connection to two or more base stations
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 47 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul Front-haul – between RF front end units and baseband unit core network BBU
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 48 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul NR back-haul – fixed connection between RAN and CN where no fibre connection available (BBU not shown for simplicity) core network
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 49 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul Relay between gNBs not directly connected to the CN core network
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 50 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul Side-haul – between mobile units (e.g.Mission Critical, V2V, truck convoys ...) core network
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 51 Topological considerations Fixed wireless access core network
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 52 Early, pre-standardized, implementations / proofs of concept PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G realistic media; sync view The viewer’s video is synchronized with the camera installed on athlete’s helmet kit or instruments to provide the viewer with the live view of the game.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 53 PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G realistic media; omipoint view Long-distance races such as cross country can be re-built in 3D virtual space. Users receive live updates on the performance of the athlete of their choice by locating the athlete through micro-tracker attached to the athletes during the game.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 54 PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G realistic media; interactive time slice Users can choose the angles and time points of which they would like to watch the short track, figure skating and half-pipe competitions. The Flying View function enables 360˚ view of each competition, and Time Slice function provides the slow motion view of any moment of the competition they choose.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 55 PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G connected car Inside the 5G Connected Car, semi- transparent display provides multiple 5G experiences and high quality (4K) videos of the Games. It also provides a variety of visual content based on augmented reality and virtual reality.
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 56 In summary, NR offers the supplier Simpler architecture, less signalling overhead Enormous bandwidth – 1 Gbit/s easily achievable even at < 6 GHz – thanks to highly flexible carrier aggregation, wide spectrum availability and very efficient use of that spectrum due to latest modulation techniques; and bandwidth doubling thanks to full duplex (simultaneous same frequency tx & rx) operation – half the cost per Mbit/s? : in short, more traffic Flexible sub-carrier spacing to optimize performance in noisy environments Thanks to massive MIMO and beamforming, better service to customers Long mobile unit battery life thanks to high energy efficiency, more appealing to users Very long battery life for IoT remote stations, technology of choice for users Low latency, technology appropriate for response-time-critical “vertical” industry applications The versatility of software-defined radio and network function virtualization Separation of user plane (UP) and control plane (CP) traffic
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 57 In summary, NR offers the end user Enormous bandwidth – ultra fast file download Thanks to massive MIMO and beamforming, low interference between users, even at high user densities – better user experience Long mobile unit battery life thanks to high energy efficiency – less frequent need for charging batteries Very long battery life (10 years +) for IoT remote stations – 3GPP 5G becomes the technology of choice Massive IoT feasible, with network-edge computing and network slicing tailoring service to specific user classes Low latency, therefore ‘instant’ response – vital for V2X, factory automation, tele- surgery, interactive gaming, …
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 58
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 59 Evolution from 4G to 5G
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 60 What will the economic impact be? Accenture report (Jan 2017) estimates : • U.S. GDP boost of $500 billion • Creation of 3 million new jobs https://newsroom.accenture.com/content/1101/files/Accenture_5G-Municipalities-Become- Smart-Cities.pdf “5G-powered smart city solutions applied to the management of vehicle traffic and electrical grids alone could produce an estimate of $160 billion in benefits and savings for local communities and their residents. These 5G attributes will enable cities to reduce commute times, improve public safety and generate significant smart-grid efficiencies.”
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 61 www.3gpp.org Acknowledgments I am indebted to the following for the use of their material in these slides: • Balasz Bertenyi, Chairman TSG RAN • T-Mobile USA • Nokia • Qualcomm • SK Telecom • Ministry of Science and ITC, Korea • Samsung • NTT-DOCOMO • ITU-R • Accenture • My ETSI colleagues, in particular Adrian Scrase, Joern Krause and Kyoungseok Oh
© 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 62

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2018-04-17_GA-booth__3gppNR_compressed.ppt

  • 1. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 1 NR: 3GPP’s 5G radio access technology John M Meredith Director, ETSI Mobile Competence Centre
  • 2. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 2 What is 5G NR ? NR is a major new radio access technology developed by 3GPP, as a logical further step beyond LTE-Advanced Pro. But like LTE, NR uses modulation based on OFDM for both downlink and uplink. (LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, SC-FDMA* for the uplink.) Operation from quite low to very high bands: 0.4 – 100 Ghz • Including stand-alone operation in unlicensed bands Ultra wide bandwidth • Up to 100MHz in bands below 6 GHz • Up to 400MHz in bands above 6 GHz *SC-FDMA - a modification of OFDM giving better peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) and thus lower power consumption in mobile units. A number of OFDM variants are possible with NR, each optimizing certain parameters.
  • 3. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 3 What did we set out to achieve ? Source: ITU-R
  • 4. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 4 Which is more important? Evolved Mobile Broadband is important • The main priority for some early operators • Business models and revenue streams are well understood • 5G Phase1 addresses very well this use case family ...but so are Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications and Massive Machine Type Communications • URLLC features are contained in 5G Phase 1 • URLLC and mMTC to be fully covered in 5G Phase 2
  • 5. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 5 Is 5G just higher data rates ? IMT2020 detailed performance targets are being set by ITU-R as follows: • Peak data rate [Downlink: 20Gbit/s, Uplink: 10Gbit/s] • Peak spectral efficiency [Downlink: 30bit/s/Hz, Uplink: 15bit/s/Hz] • User experienced data rate [Dense Urban Downlink: 100Mbit/s, Uplink: 50Gbit/s] • 5th percentile user spectral efficiency [Indoor Hotspot, eMBB scenario: Downlink: 0,3bit/s/Hz] • Average spectral efficiency [Indoor Hotspot, eMBB scenario: Downlink: 9bit/s/Hz/TRxP] • Area traffic capacity [Downlink indoor hotspot (eMBB scenario): 10Mbit/s/m2] • User plane latency [4ms for eMBB, 1 ms for URLLC] • Control plane latency [Maximum 20ms, ideally 10ms] • Connection density [eMTC scenario, 1 000 000 devices per km2] • Energy efficiency [no values at this stage] • Reliability [URLLC scenario: 1/10-5] • Mobility [Up to 500 km/h (rural eMBB)] • Mobility interruption time [eMBB and URLLC scenarios: 0ms] • Bandwidth [Minimum 100MHz, Maximum 1GHz]
  • 6. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 6 Where did our work begin? 3GPP consultative workshop: Phoenix, September 2015 • 550 experts from industry, government, regulators, research and academia • Agreed to split 5G Standardization into two phases: • Phase 1 (new radio and core network) to be delivered by mid 2018 (to address a more urgent sub-set of commercial needs) • Phase 2 to be delivered by end 2019 (to address all identified use cases and requirements) • Agreed that 5G standards must address 3 major use case families: eMBB, mMTC, URLLC • Intention was to enable new industry sectors to benefit from 5G (e.g., Automotive, Health, Energy, Manufacturing …) ...but 5G building blocks were already being defined in ETSI, e.g.: • ETSI ISG Network Functions Virtualization (NFV): started work in 2013 • ETSI ISG Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC): started work in 2014 NFV OSM MEC ENI NGP
  • 7. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 7 Numerology Numerology: The believe in the divine, mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events; also the study of the numerical value of the letters in words, names and ideas. Often associated with the paranormal, alongside astrology and similar divinatory arts. Numerology: The codification of the relationship between channels and carrier frequencies in different spectral bands.
  • 8. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 8 Numerology Scalable OFDM numerology with scaling of subcarrier spacing. • LTE supports carrier bandwidths up to 20 MHz with a mainly fixed OFDM numerology – 15 kHz subcarrier spacing. But NR offers scalable OFDM numerology to support diverse spectrum bands and deployment models. NR can operate in mmWave bands with wide channel widths (hundreds of MHz) and the OFDM subcarrier spacing has to be able to scale accordingly so that FFT complexity does not increase exponentially for wider bandwidths.
  • 9. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 9 Numerology Native forward compatibility mechanisms – the numerology is inherently adaptable to any frequency band. New channel coding • LDPC* for data channel, Polar coding for control channel 15*2N kHz sub-carrier spacing *Low-Density Parity-Checking [code]
  • 10. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 10 Numerology Numerology: The believe in the divine, mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events; also the study of the numerical value of the letters in words, names and ideas. Often associated with the paranormal, alongside astrology and similar divinatory arts. Extracts from TS 38.212
  • 11. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 11 What do I get from NR ? Native support for Low Latency and Ultra Reliability Flexible and modular RAN architecture: split fronthaul, split control- and user-planes Native end-to-end support for Network Slicing
  • 12. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 12 Delivering the 5G vision through multiple phases
  • 13. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 13 When do I get NR ? Summary - Licensed bands between 600MHz – 39 GHz - LTE-Anchored 5G (NSA), and Standalone (SA) 5G - Basic URLLC support - Massive MIMO - Flexible RAN architecture - Fulfills IMT2020 criteria
  • 14. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 14 Is there more to come ? … towards the full 5G vision: - V2X support – autonomous driving - Enhanced MIMO - Support for Unlicensed bands - Factory automation - Support of higher bands (>52.6 GHz) - …
  • 15. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 15 Who is doing what? Developing internet protocol specs ITU-R/T Developing Mobile application specs Reference to 3GPP specs Partners referring to 3GPP specs for the local use Referring to specs Cross reference Requirements Japan EU Korea China North America 3GPP Market Partners Terminal certification based on 3GPP specs Cross reference of specs India Developing Recommendations Specifying a complete 5G system description
  • 16. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 16 source: RP-172098 ITU-R submission for IMT-2020
  • 17. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 17 RAN #79: “late drop” for NR in Rel-15
  • 18. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 18 Where are we now? 5G NR (first drop) completed ahead of schedule • The specification of 5G NSA NR completed in December 2017, 6 months ahead of schedule, at the request of those players that wished to deploy 5G early (in non-standalone mode) • The remainder of 5G Phase 1* (including Next Generation Core Network) on schedule to be completed by June 2018 (enabling deployment in standalone mode) • *A few aspects of some architectures will be completed in a late drop in December 2018. ... but how was that possible? • 3GPP Working Groups saw a large increase in experts participation (around 600 experts present in some working group meetings) • Some 5-day meetings addressed ~ 3000 contributions • During 2017, 3GPP processed 100 000 input contributions over 75 000 delegate/days of meetings • This represents an unprecedented effort from the whole industry.
  • 19. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 19 Is it just the same old faces? 3GPP Members now include, for example: • Agricultural machinery manufacturers (e.g., John Deere, Husqvana, etc) • Automotive manufactures (e.g, Volkswagen, Volvo, Toyota) • Rail (e.g., International Union of Railways) • Factory Automation companies (e.g., Siemens) • Energy Sector (e.g., Legrand) • Environment (e.g., Veolia) • Broadcasting Community (e.g., EBU, BBC, TDF) • Satellite Community (e.g., ESO, Inmarsat) • Aerospace (e.g., Lockheed Martin, BAE) • Retail Sector (e.g., Alibaba) • Social Media (e.g., Facebook) • Advertising (e.g., Google) Full listing available here: http://www.3gpp.org/about-3gpp/membership
  • 20. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 20 Is it really an International Standard? Participation in 3GPP: 570 member companies in 43 countries from 5 continents: • Africa • Asia (especially China, India, Japan and Korea) • Australia • Greater Europe • North America
  • 21. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 21 Release timeline unchanged Rel-15 schedule unchanged • Architecture Option 3: ASN.1 Freeze March 2018 • RAN#79 endorsed the freeze of NSA ASN.1 and approved the corresponding CRs • Architecture Option 2: ASN.1 Freeze September 2018 • Architecture Option 5: ASN.1 Freeze September 2018 (only impacts LTE ASN.1) • Priorities unchanged: Until June WGs shall prioritize Option-3 stabilization (only essential corrections allowed), and on Option-2 specification work Rel-16 schedule unchanged • Approval of the main package of SIs/WIs to be done in June/2018 as already planned • Approval of further urgent items at a later stage shall still be possible • TU and project planning of all SIs/WIs (already approved ones and newly approved ones) will be done together as a package in June/2018 and adjusted in subsequent RAN plenary meetings
  • 22. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 22 Late drop for Rel-15 Introduce a late drop for Rel-15 that follows Rel-15 completion by 6 months The late drop is to exclusively contain NR architecture options that were not completed by September ASN.1 drop • Options 4, 7 are part of the late drop • NR-NR Dual Connectivity to be considered to be added to the late drop at RAN#80 • Scope to target minimum RAN1 impact, scope to be addressed at RAN#80 • NR-NR DC band combinations (limited to FR1-FR2) can be proposed in RAN4 in Q2, pending final approval at RAN#80 • No other WG work to proceed specifically on NR-NR DC in Q2 • Hardware impacts for the late drop should be avoided • After RAN#79, no further functionality will be considered to be included in the late drop • Band combinations which are not completed by June 2018 (other than NR-NR DC combinations) will be moved to Rel-16 band specifications, but continue to be release independent. • In case Option 5 is not completed by September ASN.1 drop, it will be part of the late drop The late Rel-15 ASN.1 drop is to be strictly backwards compatible No assumptions are made in this proposal on UE capabilities wrt different NR architecture options
  • 23. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 23 Rel-16 planning RAN#80 in June will target to approve the bulk of the Release-16 work package (SIs/WIs). • The approval process will plan for 6 “ordinary” WG meetings per year plus additional “ad hoc” meetings. RAN is conducting several email discussions to consolidate the scope for larger work areas. See the full list in RP-172795 and RP-180594. Goals and principles for these email discussions is unchanged, see RP-172795. Other individual company proposals are also encouraged to be further developed on the RAN_Drafts exploder.
  • 24. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 24 Other Release 15 NR study items These studies are preparing for potential normative Release 16 work items ... Study on NR to support non-terrestrial networks RP-171450 Study on NR-based access to unlicensed spectrum RP-172021 Study on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for NR RP-171043 Study on integrated access and backhaul for NR RP-172290 Study on CU-DU lower layer split for New Radio RP-172797 Study of test methods for New Radio RP-180546 Study on eNB(s) Architecture Evolution for E-UTRAN and NG-RAN RP-172707 Study on evaluation methodology of new V2X use cases for LTE and NR RP-171093 Feasibility Study on 6 GHz for LTE and NR in Licensed and Unlicensed Operations: RP-180168 All tdocs are freely available via the web site and portal.
  • 25. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 25 The global spectrum landscape
  • 26. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 26 No. To realize the full potential of what NR can offer, the core network needs to evolve from the Enhanced Packet Core (EPS) of 4G to the Next Generation Core Network (NGCN) of 5G. Is 5G just NR ? So what does the (simplified) architecture look like?
  • 27. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 27 The 4G system 5G system architecture The 5G system No fewer than 12 potential architectural migration options were described in 3GPP TDoc RP-161266 in June 2016.
  • 28. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 28 5G system architecture
  • 29. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 29 5G system architecture
  • 30. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 30 5G system architecture
  • 31. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 31 5G system architecture
  • 32. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 32 5G system architecture
  • 33. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 33 5G system architecture
  • 34. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 34 5G system architecture Stand-alone (SA) and non-stand-alone (NSA) NSA: NR mobiles connect to the NR base station (gNB), and the gNB backhauls via an LTE base station (eNB) to the EPC core network. SA: NR mobiles connect to the NR gNB, and the gNB backhauls directly to the NGCN.
  • 35. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 35 5G system architecture Stand-alone (SA) and non-stand-alone (NSA) The “LTE-assisted” NSA options (3a, 4a, 7a, 8a) allow the mobile’s user- plane traffic to pass directly from the NR to the EPC. Control-plane traffic still passes via the LTE radio access network.
  • 36. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 36 5G system architecture 3GPP decided to concentrate initially on NSA option 3 – being the easiest to roll out by operators having existing LTE networks. The specifications for these were completed in December 2017.
  • 37. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 37 5G system architecture SA specifications will be completed in two drops, June 2018 (most remaining architectures) and December 2018 (options 4 & 7). Both evolved LTE and NR radio access technology networks will co-exist for the foreseeable future, with evolved LTE at lower frequency bands and NR at higher bands. The EPC will evolve into the NGCN.
  • 38. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 38 Note that the 4G network (LTE radio + EPC core) will continue to exist in the 5G era. From Release 15 onwards, all 3GPP specifications will be badged as except those few legacy specs which are restricted to GSM/EDGE (4x.- and 5x.-series) or UMTS (25.-series) radio technologies, or pure circuit-switched functionality. 5G system architecture
  • 39. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 39 GERAN (GSM/EDGE) = 4x.- and 5x.-series UTRAN (3G including HSPA) = 25.-series E-UTRAN (pre-4G Releases 8..9) (true 4G Releases 10..12) (and Releases 13..14) = 36.-series NR (5G Release 15 ...) = 38.-series Multi-RAT, including Wi-Fi® = 37.-series Radio technology spec series
  • 40. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 40 Topological considerations NR offers the next step in the evolution of cellular performance, but at the cost of much higher base station densities (and therefore much smaller cells). Using millimeter waves is now technologically feasible at reasonable complexity and cost. But …
  • 41. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 41 Topological considerations These mm wavelengths suffer poorer propagation characteristics compared with longer wavelengths: high penetration loss reduced diffraction increased scattering increased reflection, even from “small” objects such as lamp-posts higher absorption by atmosphere (rain, snow, fog, …), vegetation (leafy trees), and even human bodies … 5G channel model – see 3GPP TR 38.901.
  • 42. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 42 Topological considerations But these problems can be countered by … massive multiple input multiple output antenna arrays 8x8, 16x16, … 256x256 … (?)
  • 43. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 43 Topological considerations … which become feasible at these wavelengths, even in the mobile unit, offering dynamic beamforming, allowing base stations to track moving mobiles, using low, but concentrated, RF power output …
  • 44. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 44 Topological considerations … and hence permitting intelligent diversity using multipath reflections to improve (rather than detract from!) performance, re-routing the beam around obstacles;
  • 45. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 45 Topological considerations “Dual Connectivity” (DC) whereby, near handover time, a mobile unit will be connected to two base stations, ensuring seamless handover.
  • 46. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 46 Topological considerations Coordinated multi-point connectivity (CoMP) – improvement near cell edge to allow simultaneous connection to two or more base stations
  • 47. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 47 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul Front-haul – between RF front end units and baseband unit core network BBU
  • 48. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 48 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul NR back-haul – fixed connection between RAN and CN where no fibre connection available (BBU not shown for simplicity) core network
  • 49. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 49 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul Relay between gNBs not directly connected to the CN core network
  • 50. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 50 Topological considerations Front-haul, back-haul, relay, side-haul Side-haul – between mobile units (e.g.Mission Critical, V2V, truck convoys ...) core network
  • 51. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 51 Topological considerations Fixed wireless access core network
  • 52. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 52 Early, pre-standardized, implementations / proofs of concept PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G realistic media; sync view The viewer’s video is synchronized with the camera installed on athlete’s helmet kit or instruments to provide the viewer with the live view of the game.
  • 53. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 53 PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G realistic media; omipoint view Long-distance races such as cross country can be re-built in 3D virtual space. Users receive live updates on the performance of the athlete of their choice by locating the athlete through micro-tracker attached to the athletes during the game.
  • 54. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 54 PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G realistic media; interactive time slice Users can choose the angles and time points of which they would like to watch the short track, figure skating and half-pipe competitions. The Flying View function enables 360˚ view of each competition, and Time Slice function provides the slow motion view of any moment of the competition they choose.
  • 55. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 55 PyeongChang winter olympics, Feb 2018 • 5G connected car Inside the 5G Connected Car, semi- transparent display provides multiple 5G experiences and high quality (4K) videos of the Games. It also provides a variety of visual content based on augmented reality and virtual reality.
  • 56. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 56 In summary, NR offers the supplier Simpler architecture, less signalling overhead Enormous bandwidth – 1 Gbit/s easily achievable even at < 6 GHz – thanks to highly flexible carrier aggregation, wide spectrum availability and very efficient use of that spectrum due to latest modulation techniques; and bandwidth doubling thanks to full duplex (simultaneous same frequency tx & rx) operation – half the cost per Mbit/s? : in short, more traffic Flexible sub-carrier spacing to optimize performance in noisy environments Thanks to massive MIMO and beamforming, better service to customers Long mobile unit battery life thanks to high energy efficiency, more appealing to users Very long battery life for IoT remote stations, technology of choice for users Low latency, technology appropriate for response-time-critical “vertical” industry applications The versatility of software-defined radio and network function virtualization Separation of user plane (UP) and control plane (CP) traffic
  • 57. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 57 In summary, NR offers the end user Enormous bandwidth – ultra fast file download Thanks to massive MIMO and beamforming, low interference between users, even at high user densities – better user experience Long mobile unit battery life thanks to high energy efficiency – less frequent need for charging batteries Very long battery life (10 years +) for IoT remote stations – 3GPP 5G becomes the technology of choice Massive IoT feasible, with network-edge computing and network slicing tailoring service to specific user classes Low latency, therefore ‘instant’ response – vital for V2X, factory automation, tele- surgery, interactive gaming, …
  • 58. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 58
  • 59. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 59 Evolution from 4G to 5G
  • 60. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 60 What will the economic impact be? Accenture report (Jan 2017) estimates : • U.S. GDP boost of $500 billion • Creation of 3 million new jobs https://newsroom.accenture.com/content/1101/files/Accenture_5G-Municipalities-Become- Smart-Cities.pdf “5G-powered smart city solutions applied to the management of vehicle traffic and electrical grids alone could produce an estimate of $160 billion in benefits and savings for local communities and their residents. These 5G attributes will enable cities to reduce commute times, improve public safety and generate significant smart-grid efficiencies.”
  • 61. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 61 www.3gpp.org Acknowledgments I am indebted to the following for the use of their material in these slides: • Balasz Bertenyi, Chairman TSG RAN • T-Mobile USA • Nokia • Qualcomm • SK Telecom • Ministry of Science and ITC, Korea • Samsung • NTT-DOCOMO • ITU-R • Accenture • My ETSI colleagues, in particular Adrian Scrase, Joern Krause and Kyoungseok Oh
  • 62. © 3GPP 2012 © ETSI 2018 62