Et3003 sem2-1314-3 ethernets
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- Ethernet is a wired local area network technology that connects devices within a limited geographic area like a building or campus. Most local area networks are connected to wider networks like the Internet. - Ethernet standards like Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet increased speeds from the original 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps while maintaining backward compatibility. - Higher speed Ethernet standards switched to full-duplex connections to eliminate collisions and remove the need for CSMA/CD media access protocol, allowing for faster speeds up to 10 Gbps for Ten Gigabit Ethernet.
Et3003 sem2-1314-3 ethernets
- 1. Underlying Technologies Ethernet Computer Networks Tutun Juhana Telecommunication Engineering School of Electrical Engineering & Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung 3
- 2. WIRED LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 2
- 3. • A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that is designed for a limited geographic area such as a building or a campus • Most LANs today are also linked to a wide area network (WAN) or the Internet 3
- 4. IEEE Standard Project 802, designed to regulate the manufacturing and interconnectivity between different LANs FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface Token Ring Token Bus ATM LAN 4
- 5. IEEE Standards • Project 802 is a way of specifying functions of the physical layer and the data link layer of major LAN protocols 5
- 6. The Ethernet • Robert Melancton "Bob" Metcalfe (born April 7,1946) is an electrical engineer from the United States who co-invented Ethernet 6
- 7. Frame Format ‘Length” used by IEEE standard to define the number of bytes in the data field “Type” used by original Ethernet to define upper-layer protocol using the frame 7
- 8. Frame Length Reason for the maximum length restriction: 1. To reduce the size of the buffer (memory was very expensive when Ethernet was designed) 2. It prevents one station from monopolizing the shared medium • The minimum length restriction is required for the correct operation of CSMA/CD • If the upper-layer packet is less than 46 bytes, padding is added to make up the difference 8
- 9. Addressing • Each station on an Ethernet network has its own network interface card (NIC) • The NIC provides the station with a 6-byte physical address 9
- 10. • Ethernet Address – The address normally is referred to as the data link address, physical address, or MAC address 10
- 11. 11 Example: • 00-14-22 OUI for Dell • 00-04-DC for Nortel • 00-40-96 for Cisco • 00-30-BD for Belkin
- 12. • The address is sent left-to-right, byte by byte • For each byte, it is sent right-to-left, bit by bit • Example – Show how the address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE is sent out on line 12
- 13. Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses • A source address is always a unicast address – the frame comes from only one station • The destination address can be unicast, multicast, or broadcast 13
- 14. • The broadcast address is a special case of the multicast address; the recipients are all the stations on the LAN 14
- 15. • Define the type of the following destination addresses – 4A:30:10:21:10:1A – 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE – FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF 15
- 18. Access Method: CSMA/CD • The IEEE 802.3 standard defines carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) as the access method for traditional Ethernet 18
- 19. • Stations on a traditional Ethernet can be connected together using a physical bus or star topology, but the logical topology is always a bus 19 Physical star, logically bus topology Physical bus topology • The medium (channel) is shared between stations and only one station at a time can use it • All stations receive a frame sent by a station (broadcasting) • The real destination keeps the frame while the rest drop it
- 20. • How can we be sure that two stations are not using the medium at the same time? • If they do, their frames will collide with each other 20
- 21. 21
- 22. • To minimize the chance of collision and, therefore, increase the performance, the CSMA method was developed 22
- 23. • Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) requires that each station first listen to the medium (or check the state of the medium) before sending – sense before transmit, or – listen before talk • CSMA can reduce the possibility of collision, but it cannot eliminate it – The possibility of collision still exists because of propagation delay 23
- 24. Space/time model of a collision in CSMA 24
- 25. Collision of the first bit in CSMA/CD • A transmits for the duration t4 - t1; C transmits for the duration t3 - t2 for the protocol to work, the length of any frame divided by the bit rate in this protocol must be more than either of these durations • Before sending the last bit of the frame, the sending station must detect a collision, if any, and abort the transmission because, once the entire frame is sent, station does not keep a copy of the frame and does not monitor the line for collision detection 25
- 26. Minimum Frame Size 26 The worst collision on a shared bus http://cnp3book.info.ucl.ac.be/lan/lan/
- 27. 27 • The frame transmission time Tfr must be at least two times the maximum propagation time Tp
- 28. • Example – In the standard Ethernet, if the maximum propagation time is 25.6 μs, what is the minimum size of the frame? 28
- 29. CSMA/CD flow diagram 29 The station transmits and receives continuously and simultaneously (using two different ports)
- 31. FAST ETHERNET 31
- 32. • IEEE created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u • Fast Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard Ethernet, but 10 times faster (100 Mbps) • The goals of Fast Ethernet: 1. Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps 2. Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet 3. Keep the same 48-bit address. 4. Keep the same frame format. 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths 32
- 33. MAC Sublayer • Keep only the star topology – There are two choices: half duplex and full duplex – In the half-duplex approach, the stations are connected via a hub – in the full-duplex approach, the connection is made via a switch with buffers at each port • The access method is the same (CSMA/CD) for the half-duplex approach • For full-duplex there is no need for CSMA/CD – The implementations keep CSMA/CD for backward compatibility with Standard Ethernet 33
- 34. Autonegotiation • Autonegotiation allows two devices to negotiate the mode or data rate of operation • It was designed particularly for the following purposes: – To allow incompatible devices to connect to one another – To allow one device to have multiple capabilities – To allow a station to check a hub’s capabilities. 34
- 37. • Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE 802.3z) • The goals of the Gigabit Ethernet: 1. Upgrade the data rate to 1 Gbps 2. Make it compatible with Standard or Fast Ethernet 3. Use the same 48-bit address 4. Use the same frame format 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths. 6. To support autonegotiation as defined in Fast Ethernet 37
- 38. MAC Sublayer • A main consideration: keep the MAC sublayer untouched To achieve a data rate of 1 Gbps, this was no longer possible • Gigabit Ethernet has two distinctive approaches for medium access 1. Half-duplex 2. Full-duplex • Almost all implementations of Gigabit Ethernet follow the full-duplex approach 38
- 39. Full-Duplex Mode • There is a central switch connected to all computers or other switches – Each switch has buffers for each input port in which data are stored until they are transmitted • There is no collision in this mode CSMA/CD is not used • The maximum length of the cable is determined by the signal attenuation in the cable, not by the collision detection process 39
- 40. Half-Duplex Mode • A switch can be replaced by a hub a collision might occur CSMA/CD is used the maximum length of the network is totally dependent on the minimum frame size • Three solutions have been defined: 1. Traditional 2. Carrier extension 3. Frame bursting 40
- 41. • Traditional approach – Keep the minimum frame length 512 bits – The maximum network length only 25 m (because the length of a bit is 1/100 shorter than in standard Ethernet) • It may not even be long enough to connect the computers in one single office 41
- 42. • Carrier Extension – Increase the minimum frame length 512 bytes (4096 bits) 8 times longer – It forces a station to add extension bits (padding) to any frame that is less than 4096 bits – The maximum length of the network can be increased 8 times to a length of 200 m – This allows a length of 100 m from the hub to the station 42 RRRRRRRRRRRRRFrame Carrier Extension 512 bytes
- 43. Carrier Extension is very inefficient if we have a series of short frames to send (each frame carries redundant data) 43
- 44. • Frame Bursting – To improve efficiency, frame bursting was proposed – Instead of adding an extension to each frame, multiple frames are sent • To make these multiple frames look like one frame, padding is added between the frames (96 bits) so that the channel is not idle The method deceives other stations into thinking that a very large frame has been transmitted 44 512 bytes ExtensionFrame Frame Frame Frame Frame burst Maximum frame burst is 8192 bytes
- 47. • Ten-Gigabit Ethernet standard : IEEE802.3ae • The goals : 1. Upgrade the data rate to 10 Gbps. 2. Make it compatible with Standard, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet. 3. Use the same 48-bit address. 4. Use the same frame format. 5. Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths. 6. Allow the interconnection of existing LANs into a metropolitan area network (MAN) or a wide area network (WAN) 7. Make Ethernet compatible with technologies such as Frame Relay and ATM. 47
- 48. Implementation • Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates only in full duplex mode no need for contention CSMA/CD is not used 48