ET3003-1 introduction (Semester II 2013-2014)
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This document discusses computer networks and protocols. It provides a brief history of networks and defines what a protocol is. Protocols establish rules for communication, including syntax, semantics, and timing. Standards are also discussed, including de facto standards adopted through widespread use and de jure standards legislated by official bodies. The document outlines some key internet standards organizations and administrative authorities, including IANA and ICANN.
ET3003-1 introduction (Semester II 2013-2014)
- 1. 1 Tutun Juhana Telecommunication Engineering School of Electrical Engineering & Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung Introduction Computer Networks
- 2. Reference • TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Fourth Edition, Behrouz A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill
- 3. The Menu • Theories • Hands-on
- 4. A Brief History • A network is a group of connected, communicating devices such as computers and printers • An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other • The most notable internet is called the Internet
- 9. Protocol • A protocol is a set of rules that governs communication http://www.teracomtraining.com/online-coursescertification/samples/lesson1104-protocols-andstandards.htm
- 10. • For communication to occur among entities, they must agree on a protocol We agree to talk in English…
- 11. • In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in different systems
- 12. • The key elements of a protocol – Syntax – Semantics – Timing A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated
- 13. Syntax • Syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which they are presented
- 14. Semantics • Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits
- 15. Timing • Timing refers to two characteristics – When data should be sent – How fast it can be sent
- 17. Standards • Standards are essential in – creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers – guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and telecommunications technology and processes • Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today’s marketplace and in international communications
- 18. • De facto standard ( “by fact” or “by convention”) – Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through widespread use are de facto standards – Examples of de facto standards are MS Office and various DVD standards
- 19. • De jure standards ( “by law” or “by regulation”) – Standards that have been legislated by an officially recognized body
- 20. STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS Standards Creation Committees
- 21. Forum To accommodate the need for working models and agreements and to facilitate the standardization process, many special-interest groups have developed forums made up of representatives from interested corporations
- 23. INTERNET STANDARDS • An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and adhered to by those who work with the Internet • It is a formalized regulation that must be followed • There is a strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status
- 24. • A specification begins as an Internet draft • Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities, a draft may be published as a Request for Comment (RFC) • Each RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties • RFCs can be found at http://www.rfc-editor.org
- 25. Maturity Levels of RFC
- 28. • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – IANA, supported by the U.S. government, was responsible for the management of Internet domain names and addresses until October 1998 – ICANN, a private nonprofit corporation managed by an international board, assumed IANA operations • Network Information Center (NIC) – Responsible for collecting and distributing information about TCP/IP protocols