![legislature
Legislature is the law making organ of the state
Passing Budget
Regulating bureaucratic rules
creating trade law
control immigration policy
agreement must be signed or
approved by legislature
Purse Strings [approve or reject new
spending]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lectureno-210216101206/85/Lecture-no-10-foreign-policy-models-of-decision-making-and-domestic-influence-23-320.jpg)
Lecture no. 10 foreign policy, models of decision making, and domestic influence
- 1. FOREIGN POLICY Ref. Joshua S. Goldstein, Jon C. Pevehouse, International Relations, Pearson Publications, 11TH Edition . P. 123 – 139
- 2. Definition of foreign policy The state involve themselves in international relations with systematic as well as defined principles. The process, the dealing or the interaction of a state in world system is called foreign policy.
- 3. Forces that motivate foreign policy Nationalism ( Superiority, jingoism, xenophobia) Ideology ( theories of religion, politics, social and economic- capitalism and communism) National interests ( Diplomatic and covert actions)
- 4. Factor influencing foreign policy Size; Vatican City, Taiwan Geography; location, climate-temperate zone National Capacities; military, technology, economic develop. Political system; Open and Close Public mood; given importance in Open political system leadership; in Developing states institutions are weak while personalities are strong. Internal Factors
- 5. Factor influencing foreign policy Structure of international system; balance of power and bipolar systems Regional structure; force state to extra-regional alliance International organization; Pak adopt UN Charter world public opinion; Human rights & freedom External Factors
- 6. Foreign policy process The foreign policy process is a process of decision making. States take actions because people in government- decision makers- choose those actions.
- 8. Model of Decision Making Rational Model Organizational Process Model Government Bargaining Model
- 9. Definition Rational model “A model in which decision makers calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action, then choose the one with the highest benefits and lowest costs”.(Joshua.P.123) The process of rational model is as under given below. • Clarify your goals in the situation • Order them by importance • List the alternatives for achieving your goals • Investigate the consequences of each alternative • Choose the alternative that best achieves your goals
- 10. Two Possibilities of pressuring rival state • PeaceTalks • Backfire (accepting Risk, averse Risk)
- 11. Organizational Process Model “A decision making model in which policy makers or lower level officials rely largely on standardized responses or standard operation procedures”. (Joshua.P.124) • The process of organizational process model is as under given below. • Goals are not identified • Alternative actions are not searched • SOPs are drafted • Handled by low level decision makers • General principles are applied
- 13. Government Bargaining Model “ A model that sees foreign policy decisions as flowing from bargaining process among various government agencies that have somewhat divergent interests in the outcome”. (Joshua.P.124) • The process of government bargaining model is as under given below. • Result from bargaining process • It reflects the interest of states • Reflects interest of state agencies For Exp. Japan & California (US)
- 14. Individual decision makers: Idiosyncrasies President Harry Truman, “The Buck stops here.” Individual decisions reflect the values and beliefs of the decision maker.
- 15. Individual: Psychological process; Psychoanalytic approaches hold childhood experiences responsible; Bill Clinton First. Misperception Second. Affective bias Third. Cognitive bias
- 17. Crisis management Crisis are foreign policy situations in which outcomes are very important and time frames are compressed. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Decision makers, save time, look creative options, and designate Devil’s advocate. Decision makers during crisis face severe psychological stress, sleep deprivation and biases. Example: Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin-nervous breakdown
- 18. Domestic influence on foreign policy Diplomats Interest groups military industrial complex Public opinion legislature
- 19. Bureaucracies: Diplomats Foreign service/ embassies, consulates Political appointees ( who come and go with changes in government leaders) Career diplomats ( who came up through the ranks of the foreign service) Friends or Key advisor Rival may be appointed as diplomat Note: Carry Out Policies rather than Create Policies
- 20. Interest Group Interest groups are coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of some political issue Lobbying ( is the process of talking with legislatures or officials to influence their decisions on some set of issues. Ethnic groups ( Emerge b/c the rest of the population generally doesn’t care about such issues one way or the other. Bigwigs ( according to Marxist theories, the key domestic influence on foreign policy in capitalist countries are rich owners of big business)
- 21. Military – industrial complex A military-industrial complex refers to a huge interlocking network of governmental agencies, industrial corporations, and research institutes, working together to promote and benefit from military spending. (Joshua.p.135) Corporations ( Produce goods for military profit from government contracts) Revolving Door ( Government official responsible for military procurement decisions and then return to their companies again a practice called Revolving Door) Military industries ( also influence public opinion through advertising that ties their products to patriotic themes.
- 22. Public opinion Public Opinion in International Relations, the range of views on foreign policy issues held by the citizens of state. (Joshua.p.136) Authoritarian Govt. spend effort on Propaganda Both Print and Electronic Media is used for propaganda Govt. manipulate media b/c media depend on Govt for information
- 23. legislature Legislature is the law making organ of the state Passing Budget Regulating bureaucratic rules creating trade law control immigration policy agreement must be signed or approved by legislature Purse Strings [approve or reject new spending]