Optimize the Network Coding Paths to Enhance the Coding Protection in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.15, No.5, September 2023
DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2023.15502 17
OPTIMIZE THE NETWORK CODING PATHS TO
ENHANCE THE CODING PROTECTION IN
WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENSOR NETWORK
Mohammad Javad Abbasi, A. S. Abdullah and N. Fisal
MIMOS CoE in Telecommunication Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Efficient protection techniques for multimedia data transfer over Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are very
essential issues. In noisy Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) Quality of Service (QoS) is a
challenging task due to bandwidth and limited energy, and unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore,
Forward Error Correction (FEC), a class of channel coding has been widely used in WSN. Nevertheless,
the bulky size of multimedia data makes it more difficult to be transported over the noisy multi-hop wireless
network. Moreover, the efficiency of FEC drops as the number of hops increases. In this paper, an
optimized protection technique based on network coding and rateless code has been proposed to enhance
the throughput and reduce overhead during data transfer in WMSN. The performance of NCP-OPR is
enhanced via Optimal Network Path Model (ONPM) where the best available paths are optimally selected
using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In conjunction with the proposed protection scheme, the
proposed ONPM is intended for limited power WSN by optimally distributing the power usage among the
network paths so that the throughput can be improved.
KEYWORDS
Optimal Network Path, network coding, Particle Swarm Optimization, rateless and Wireless Sensor
1. INTRODUCTION
The rise of consumer demand has fostered the development of various new technologies for
multimedia applications. In communications, the multimedia functionality has become one of the
standard specifications in almost all communication gadgets [1]. It can be observed that most of
multimedia functions are closely related to the entertainment applications such as sound, picture,
animation, and video [2]. Research on multimedia communication that provides high Quality of
Service (QoS) to consumers is critical as multimedia and communication technologies provide a
significant impact on the society.
One of the communications fields that are currently going through extensive development of
multimedia applications is the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology. WSN must be
designed with robustness in dynamic topology and features self-organized characteristics since
most of the applications of WSN technology require sensor nodes to perform unattended
functions once deployed in a targeted area [3]. Besides, the performance of WSN technology is
also restricted to constraints such as inadequate power resources, limited bandwidth, small
memory size, and low processing capability [4, 5]. The most commonly simple and small data
transfer applications include temperature, distance, humidity,etc. [6]. Even with all those
constraints, the development of the technology has moved forward to a more challenging task to

18
include multimedia data transfer. With the bulky size of data in conjunction with the constraints,
the implementation of multimedia data transfer in WSN poses significant challenges [23].
Author in [7] introduced a network coding with crowdsourcing-based trajectory estimation
(NC/CTE) approach for data relay in vehicular network which key point were predesigned in
movement area. At various time each vehicular estimates the key points discovered by the other
vehicular node using a crowdsourcing method in the explored area which based on GPS pre-
trajectory navigation. In [8] author proposed a cross-layer systematic method for the navigation
of network coding based on MAC protocols in correlated moderate blurred conditions, which last
two hubs are helped by a some of node to trade information packages. This method controls
channel access between a set of nodes and can use NC to minimize the total number of
transmissions, which can increase the networks’ performance in terms of QoS.
Various paper have proposed different network coding methods in vehicular networks to improve
multi-hop routing protocols. In [7-8], a multi-hop communication method were was introduced
for time-basic emergency messages (EMs) dispersal. This introduced approach trinary
apportioned black-burst-based protocol (3P3B) used mini-distributed interframe space (DIFS)
device and trinary packing at the system layer at the medium access control (MAC) sub layer.
Author in [9-15] introduced fuzzy broadcast (FUZZBR), a fuzzy logic based multi-hop
communicate method, where has a minimum overhead of massage because of its utilization of
just specific transfer hubs for data.
In [25], the authors has combined the network coding technique and multi-paths network in
development of protection scheme in optical network. This idea can be adapted for WSN
environment where the encoded packet and its constituted packets can be transmitted
simultaneously through multiple paths in the network. However, the loss of more than one
transmitted packets will caused the decoding process to be impossible. Furthermore, the
possibility of occurrence of two or more packet loss increase as the number of hops increase
which make it impractical to be applied in the network with large number of hops. Alternatively,
certain transmission technique can be used in multi-paths network to reduce packet loss rate of a
transmitted packet. The idea is that, the packet is transmitted in multiple copies via several paths
from the source to the destination. This is to increase the packet survival rate since the possibility
of the transmitted packet reaches the destination is higher as the number of copies of the packet is
higher. However, this technique consumes too much power due to the large number of paths
involved. This situation is not applicable especially in power limited WSN.
This paper will focus on the optimization of the network model via optimally selecting the
transmission paths. The work in this paper will elaborate the optimization design approach to
select the best paths out of the available number of paths in the network in order to realize packet
transmission with the lowest probability of packet loss. The optimization framework will
consider the loss rate of the paths in the networks, the power level of the relay nodes and the
transmission cost. The performance of the scheme with the optimized network model has been
evaluated and the results are showed in this paper. The results study the effect of link quality,
node power, image size and loads on the system performance.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a main optimization which
include ONPM design approach and Optimization using PSO to enhance the throughput and
reduce overhead during data transfer in WMSN. In Section 3 we evaluate the effectiveness of
ONPM through simulations and compare it with existing algorithms. Finally, Section 4 presents
the concluding remarks.
2. OPTIMIZATION

19
Optimization is a mathematical technique which is used to find the optimal value of certain
parameters based on certain functions. It is known to be introduced in [16]. Since then, varieties
of optimization techniques have been introduced and widely used in numerous applications. This
is most probably due to the massive computational efforts that increase exponentially with the
problem size and eventually helps to the NP and unsolvable solutions [17].
Particle Swarm Optimization Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a population-based
stochastic optimization algorithm which is primarily based on social behavior of schools of
fishes, flocks of birds and swarms of bees [18]. In fact, PSO has been promising optimization
tools due to its simplicity, fast convergence and high searching ability [22, 24]. The solution to
the optimization problem is acquired using the velocity and position of the particle in the search
space after certain number of iterations. Equation (1) and (2) is used to update the velocity and
position of the particle during iteration process. Given that, v(t) and x(t) are the velocity and
position of the particle at time t respectively while the updated velocity and position of the
particle at time t+1 is represented by v(t+1) and x(t+1).
   
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
( 2
1 t
x
P
c
t
x
P
c
t
t g
l 




 

(1)
)
1
(
)
(
)
1
( 


 t
t
x
t
x  (2)
where ω is called the inertia weight. Variables c1 and c2 are positive constants that represent the
social and cognitive components respectively. v(t) controls the direction of particle movement
while avoiding large direction changes. The performance of the particle based on the local
experience and the performance of the particle based on their neighbors are measured
by  
)
(
1 t
x
P
c l  and
 
)
(
2 t
x
P
c g 
respectively. Both the local and global components are
depending on c1 and c2 respectively. Both global and local best will assist the particle to discover
the best possible position and velocity at time (t+1).
2.1. Onpm Design Approach
Figure 1 illustrates the example of ONPM process for the proposed OPR-NCP in a network of
two sources and five paths. In this example, ONPM process has to select three transmission paths
consisting of two active paths and one protection path. Basically, the process is carried out by the
destination node instead of the source or relay nodes. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, the
destination node usually has no resources constraint. This eventually reduces the power
consumption at the relay nodes to deploy the ONPM process. Secondly, the destination node has
direct connectivity to each path and indirect connectivity to the source nodes through the
available paths in the network. This is crucial since the network status information required by
ONPM process which are packet loss rate, transmissions cost and relay nodes power level can be
transferred to the destination node via the connectivity established.

20
Figure 1 Process flows of ONPM in five paths network
Based on the example in Figure 1, the ONPM process begins with gathering of information
regarding nodes power levels and transportation cost by the destination node. Throughout
information gathering step, the quality of each link in each path is used to compute the packet
loss rate of the path (refer to Step 1). Then, the PSO algorithm is initiated using information
gathered as in Step 2. In Step 3, the path selection is notified to the sensor nodes of the selected
paths and the source nodes. The destination node will transmit the information of the decision to
the source nodes through the selected paths. After receiving the information on the selected paths,
the source nodes will initiate packets transmission process according to OPR-NCP scheme.
The ONPM process is repeated periodically so that the best paths for packets transmission can be
updated regularly. This is to allow the relay nodes power to be evenly consumed. In ONPM
scheme, a parameter called optimization repetition interval, τ is introduced. This parameter
determines the number of transmission sessions allowed after the transmission paths are updated.
In ONPM repetition, the information required as in Step 1 can be attached to the transmitted
packets by the relay nodes of the selected paths during packet transmission process. This is to
avoid the needs of additional transmissions in order to transmit the status information of relay
nodes of the current transmission paths. Simultaneously, the relay nodes of non-transmission
paths will transmit their status information to the destination node according to Step 1.

21
Figure 2 ONPM optimization process flow
2.2. Optimization Using PSO
As described in the previous section, the second step of the proposed ONPM scheme is to
optimally select the best M number of paths out of L available paths in the network for the packet
transmission process. During the optimization process, the network status information gathered
by the destination node will be considered as one of the path selection criteria. The destination
node initiates the PSO algorithm according to the flow depicted in Figure 2.
As mentioned earlier, the paths selection criteria are as follows. The selection of M-1 paths is
conducted by optimally selecting the paths with the lowest packet loss rate. These paths will be
functioning as active paths in the network. Meanwhile, the selection of the last path is done by
optimally selecting the path with the highest packet loss rate. This path will be used as a
protection path. An example of path selection for nine paths network based on this criteria is
presented in Figure 3. The computation of the absolute packet loss rate of a transmitted packet via
the selected paths in the example is provided in Table 1.
Basically, there is possibility to have a significant difference between the highest and the lowest
packet loss rate of the paths in the network. Based on the example in Figure 3, the highest and the
lowest packet loss rates are 0.4 and 0.01 which belong to Path 1 and Path 3 respectively. As long
as the lowest packet loss rate is considerably low, the recovery process may not be critically
required since the active paths are able to provide reliable transmission due to low packet loss

22
rate. In protection path, the number of packet loss is expected to be significantly higher than in
active paths since the packet loss rate is high. However, the effect of this occurrence to the
system performance may not be significant since there is less packet recovery required by the
active paths. Furthermore, packet loss in the protection path can be recovered with high
possibility using the transmitted packets in active paths.
As for comparison, the example of paths selection and computation of the absolute packet loss
rate for the normal paths selection model is also included in Figure 4 and Table 1respectively. In
performance analysis of the proposed ONPM, the normal network model will be used as
comparison with the proposed model. Based on the best paths selection, all M paths assigned to
the paths with the minimum packet loss rate. It can be showed that the packet loss rate for the
first and second path selections using this criterion are less than the paths selection of ONPM.
However, the third paths selection using this criterion yield a significantly high absolute packet
loss rate compared to the ONPM. According to the result the average of the packet loss rate using
this criterion is more than the ONPM where most of packet lost rate will happen in the third set of
transmission paths. The reason to this occurrence is that, most of the paths with low packet loss
rate have been used as transmission paths including the protection path although the packet loss
recovery may not be critically needed.
Table 1: Absolute packet loss rate computation
The absolute packet loss rate of a packet from source S1 and S2 to the destination node via the selected
paths in Figure 3 is as follow:
ONPM Scheme
Figure 3 (a):
Source S1 PT(a) = 0.01(1 - (1 - 0.05)(1 - 0.40)) = 0.0043 (3)
Source S2 PT(a) = 0.05(1 - (1 - 0.01)(1 - 0.40)) = 0.0203 (4
Figure 3 (b):
Source S1 PT(b) = 0.08(1 - (1 - 0.11)(1 - 0.29)) = 0.0294 (5)
Source S2 PT(b) = 0.11(1 - (1 - 0.08)(1 - 0.29)) = 0.0381 (6)
Figure 3 (c):
Source S1 PT(c) = 0.15(1 - (1 - 0.13)(1 - 0.25)) = 0.0521 (7)
Source S2 PT(c) = 0.13(1 - (1 - 0.15)(1 - 0.25)) = 0.0471 (8)
The absolute packet loss rate of a transmitted packet from source S1 and S2 via all paths in the network
can be determine from the average of absolute packet loss rate of each set of transmission paths which
are equal to 0.0286 and 0.0352 respectively
Normal Scheme
Figure 4 (a):
Source S1 PT(a) = 0.01(1 - (1 - 0.05)(1 - 0.08)) = 0.0013 (9)
Source S2 PT(a) = 0.05(1 - (1 - 0.01)(1 - 0.08)) = 0.0045 (10)
Figure 4 (b):
Source S1 PT(b) = 0.13(1 - (1 - 0.11)(1 - 0.15)) = 0.0317 (11)
Source S2 PT(b) = 0.11(1 - (1 - 0.13)(1 - 0.15)) = 0.0287 (12)
Figure 4 (c):
Source S1 PT(c) = 0.25(1 - (1 - 0.29)(1 - 0.40)) = 0.1435 (13)
Source S2 PT(c) = 0.29(1 - (1 - 0.25)(1 - 0.40)) = 0.1595 (14)
The absolute packet loss rate of a transmitted packet from source S1 and S2 via all paths in the network
are equal to 0.0588 and 0.0642 respectively

23
Figure 3 Paths selection using ONPM scheme
Figure 4 Paths selection using normal scheme

24
3. ONPM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
In this section, the performance of the OPR-NCP scheme in the proposed biologically-inspired
network model is analyzed and evaluated. The simulation is conducted using the network model
depicted in Figure 5. Twentyseven of the nodes are arranged in a grid form which produces a
total of 9 paths with 3 hops each. Two stand still images “Pepper and mandrill” are used in the
simulations. The standard network parameters settings are listed in Table unless it is stated to be
otherwise while the optimization parameters are tabulated in Error! Reference source not
found..
Figure 5 Simulation network model
Table 2: Model parameter settings of WMSN
Parameter Description Value
L Total number of paths 9 paths
H Number of hops 3 hops
p Link Quality (range: 0.6-0.95) ‘random’
εmin Minimum Power Level Required 1406
ε Initial Node Power Level 1000 (≈0.7εmin)
K Number of Transmitted Packet 2048
τ Optimization Repetition Interval 5
Table 3: PSO parameter settings
Parameter Value
Number of particles 9
Number of iterations 5
Acceleration Constant c1 and c2 1.0
Inertia weight ω 1.0
The simulation is divided into several experiments in order to analyze the performance of the
proposed network model. The results presented begin with exhaustive search of the PSO
parameters value. Effect of node power, link quality and loads are also provided subsequently.
Analysis is done using two performance metrics which are structural similarity index (SSIM) and
normalized throughput. According to the result from the average of the data sets of 1000 times
experiment repetitions. The performance of the proposed network coding using ONPM and
normal network, and the conventional transmission technique are compared. In conventional
transmission technique, each source is assigned with one transmission path. The transmission
R5,1 R5,2 R5,3
S1
R3,1 R3,2 R3,3
R2,1 R2,2 R2,3
R1,1 R1,2 R1,3
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3
Path 5
R4,1 R4,2 R4,3
Path 4
S2
D
R9,1 R9,2 R9,3
R7,1 R7,2 R7,3
R6,1 R6,2 R6,3
Path 6
Path 7
Path 9
R8,1 R8,2 R8,3
Path 8
Loss free

25
process is conducted according to the traditional amplify and forward strategy in [19]. Since
there are nine paths available in the network, each source is expected to use four paths
consecutively which are selected according to the normal paths selection scheme explained in
next section. The remaining one path will be left unused.
3.1. Optimization Parameters Value
In this research, the PSO algorithm is conducted using parameter settings tabulated in Error!
Reference source not found.. In the simulation Value of each parameter is selected from the
searching by testing several parameter values which depicted in Table 3. Besides, the
optimization repetition interval is also acquired in this test. Parameter value that provides the
lowest packet loss rate in the test will be used in the simulations performance analysis of the
proposed ONPM. The following are the results of the test carried out on several parameter values.
3.1.1. Acceleration Constants
The cognitive, c1 and social, c2 parameters which are called acceleration constants determine a
particle searching behavior relative to its past experience and the overall swarm experience
respectively [20]. Basically, small acceleration constants value will limit the searching capability
of the particle which eventually causes it to be less effective although the number of iterations is
large. Moreover, the particle may diverge due to too large acceleration constants [21]. The
experiments are conducted in two different swarm sizes which are one and nine particles. For
each swarm size, the results of 1, 5 and 10 number of iterations are collected. The results of both
one and nine particles are depicted in Figure 6 and Figure 7 respectively.
The best acceleration constant for one swarm particle in this experiment is four since it provides
the lowest packet loss rate as illustrated in Figure 5. The best value in this case is obtained from
both 5 and 10 iterations. As described previously, the large number of iterations may be required
for large acceleration constants. Furthermore, for nine particles experiment, it could be shown
that the acceleration of value one gives the minimum packet loss for three iterations tested as
shown in Figure 7. Since the swarm size is sufficiently large to cover all possible solutions, the
optimization can determine the best solution although the number of iterations used is one.
Therefore, the acceleration constants value is set to be unity in the performance analysis of the
proposed ONPM.
0.35
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Packet
Loss
Rate
Acceleration Constants
Iteration = 1
Iteration = 5
Iteration = 10

26
Figure 6 Packet loss rate for different acceleration constants in one particle swarm
0.378
0.379
0.38
0.381
0.382
0.383
0.384
0.385
0.386
0.387
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Packet
Loss
Rate
Acceleration Constants
Iteration = 1
Iteration = 5
Iteration = 10
Figure 7 Packet loss rate for various acceleration constants in nine particles swarm
3.1.2. Inertia Weight
Based on PSO schemes, inertia weight is a constant used to find the discovery of best solution of
the particle in the search space [21]. With a sufficiently large value, the inertia weight allows the
swarm to move around the search space freely and determine the global best region fast [21]. To
determine the best value of inertia weight for the performance analysis of the proposed ONPM,
two experiments are conducted involving one and nine swarm particles with 1, 5, and 10
iterations. The results of both one and nine swarm particle experiments are illustrated in Figure 8
and Figure 9 respectively.
Based on both figures, the determination of inertia weight in one and nine swarm particles shows
nearly similar performance to the acceleration constants experiments. However, in one particle
experiment (refer to Figure 8.), the lowest packet loss rate is achieved using inertia weight of
value larger than or equal to two in ten number of iterations. Due to the same reason as for the
acceleration constants, the larger number of iterations will provide lower packet loss rate since
there is only one particle in the swarm searching for the optimum solution.
0.38
0.4
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.5
0.52
0.54
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Packet
Loss
Rate
Inertia Weight
Iteration = 1
Iteration = 5
Iteration = 10
Figure 8 Packet loss rate for different inertia weight in one particle swarm

27
In nine particles experiment (refer to Figure 9), the lowest packet loss rate is obtained at inertia
weight of value 0.5 in one iteration. The reason is maybe due to the number of particles used is
sufficiently large to allow one of the particles to discover the best solution in a single iteration.
Nevertheless, the inertia weight of value one gives a more consistent performance for the three
iterations. Furthermore, it is more reliable to use more than one iteration in determining the best
solution.
0.3795
0.38
0.3805
0.381
0.3815
0.382
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Packet
Loss
Rate
Inertia Weight
Iteration = 1
Iteration = 5
Iteration = 10
Figure 9 Packet loss rate for different inertia weight in nine particles swarm
3.1.3. Number of Particles and Iterations
From the result illustrated in Figure 10, the best number of swarm particles is nine. It shows the
minimum packet loss rate in the experiment. The lowest packet loss rate is obtained using a
single number of iteration and it sustains larger number of iterations used. It can also be observed
that ten particles also provide almost the same packet loss rate as nine particles for all number of
iterations tested. On the other hand, packet loss rate is higher when smaller number of particles is
used. This is maybe due to the small number of paths in the network that can easily be discovered
by each particle in the swarm. However, in the case where the number of particles is smaller than
nine, some of the paths may not be discovered in the first iteration. This indicates that the best
path can be discovered using larger number of iterations.
0.37
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.57
0 5 10 15 20
Packet
Loss
Rate
Number of Iterations
Swarm Size 1 Swarm Size 3
Figure 10 Packet loss rate for different number of iterations

28
3.1.4. Optimization Repetition Interval
As mentioned earlier, the repetition interval limit the number transmission session allowed after
each optimization process. This parameter is essential since it avoid the transmission process to
be conducted through the obsolete paths due to outdated paths selection information. This occurs
when the repetition interval is too large. On the other hand, this parameter also reduces the
network power from the unnecessary optimization process which may provide the same decision
as the previous one. This situation occurs when the repetition interval is small. In general, small
value of repetition interval will consume more network power while large value will cause
outdated of optimization information. Therefore, the result of the test provided in Figure 11,
illustrates that the repetition intervals that provide the lowest packet loss rate are 4 and 5.
Basically, higher repetition interval value reduces the power consumption in conducting the paths
selection process. Hence, the repetition interval of value 5 will be used in the performance
analysis of the proposed ONPM.
0.37
0.375
0.38
0.385
0.39
0.395
0.4
0.405
0.41
0.415
0.42
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Packet
Loss
Rate
Transmission Sessions per Interval
Figure 11 Packet loss rate for several Optimization Repetition Intervals
3.2. Effect of Node Power
In the simulation, the effect of power level at every node on the performance of the system is
analyzed. The power required for transmitting/receiving a packet is set to 1 unit. Besides, the
power required for transmitting/receiving a status information packet is assumed to be 0.05. The
performance of the system is obtained by varying the power, ε of every node in the network from
300 to 3600. Based on the simulation results of the effect of different sensor node powers on the
image quality and throughput are illustrated in Figure 12 and Figure 13, respectively.

29
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Node Power Level
Normalized
Throughput
Conventional Technique
NCP (Normal)
NCP (ONPM)
Figure 12 Throughput at different initial node power
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Node Power Level
Structural
Similarity
Index
NCP (Normal)
NCP (ONPM)
Figure 13 Effect of initial node power on image quality
Based on both figures, the throughput and image quality is increasing linearly with the increment
of power level from 300 to 1200 unit. Despite, the performance of ONPM in terms of throughput
and image quality are improved by average of 7 and 11% respectively within this range. This is
due to most of packet loss occurred are caused by node failure which is due to power depletion.
Even though there are paths with lower packet loss rate, insufficient power level has caused the
relay nodes power in the paths to be exhausted. Therefore, the transmission has to be carried out
using higher packet loss rate paths until all relay nodes in the network drawn off power. As a
result, the transmission of the remains packets is also failed. Since ONPM is able to consistently
control the usage of high and low packet loss rate paths, the number of transmitted packets in the
insufficient power network are maximized.
Based on the maximize the power level after 1500 unit illustrated less effect to the image quality
and throughput since the sensor node power level is larger than the minimum value required. In
this case, packet losses are totally depending on the paths packet loss rate since network power is

30
more than sufficient for the transmission of all packets. The selected paths are also able to allow
more packets to be transmitted through it. Therefore, more packets can be transferred via the
paths with the lowest packet loss rate as power level increases. This allow the normal network
model to perform better than ONPM as can be observed from the results of both throughput and
image quality. In Figure 12 and 13, the performance lines of OPR-NCP in both normal network
model and ONPM overlap at 1700 unit power level.
3.3. Effect of Link Quality
The performance of the system for several link qualities is studied. Let the network be in both
insufficient and excess power conditions where each relay node in the network is set to
approximately 70% and 130% of ε min respectively for the transmission of 2048 packets. The
effects of different link qualities on the similarity index and throughput are illustrated in Figure
14 to Figure 17. In the inspection of all four figures, a common pattern that can be identified is
that the performance of OPR-NCP in normal network model and ONPM illustrate almost similar
results. This is theoretically true since the ONPM assists the system to use the network resources
evenly based on its optimization objective which is the lowest packet loss rate for the first M-1
paths and the highest packet loss rate for the last path. In this simulation, the quality of all links in
the network is assumed to be the same. Hence, ONPM will find out that all paths in the network
is of the same packet loss rate and therefore, it will choose the first M paths in the network, given
that the relay nodes in the paths have sufficient power for the packets transmission process. On
the other hand, the normal network model that chooses the paths based on the lowest packet loss
rate for all transmission paths faces the same experience. As a result, the performance of OPR-
NCP in both network models is nearly similar to each other.
In insufficient power conditions, based on Figure 14, it can be observed that even in almost
perfect link quality (of value 0.975), the ONPM obtains the similarity index slightly more than
0.6 while the throughput of the network is around 0.7 as illustrated in Figure 15. Since the power
level of the relay node is 0.7εmin, the power depletion of the relay nodes occurs much earlier
before the transfer process finishes which causes the failure of the packet delivery in the network.
At lower link qualities such as 0.6 and 0.8, both power depletion and inconsistent channel
condition are the main reasons for packet loss which eventually reduce the image quality and
throughput of the ONPM below 0.3 and 0.65 respectively.
0.600 0.800 0.900 0.950 0.975
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Link Quality
Structural
Similarity
Index
NCP (Normal)
NCP (ONPM)
Figure 14 Quality of image at different link qualities for ε ≈ 0.7εmin

31
0.600 0.800 0.900 0.950 0.975
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Link Quality
Normalized
Throughput
NCP (Normal)
NCP (ONPM)
Figure 15 System throughput at different link qualities for ε ≈ 0.7εmin
In the condition of excess power where the node initial power used is 1.3εmin, Figure 16 and
Figure 17 show that the image quality is more than 0.9 while the system throughput approaching
100% respectively at high link quality which is 0.975. It can also be observed that there are
around 0.05 and 0.1 increments in the performance of the system for 0.6 and 0.8 link qualities
respectively compared to the performance of the experiment in insufficient power condition. This
shows that power level has effect on the system performance although the link quality is poor.
However, as the link quality gets poorer, the changes between insufficient powers to excess
power condition will be less effective to the performance of the system since the number of
packet loss is away much than the number of survived packets. The optimization in this case will
not enhance the system performance.
0.600 0.800 0.900 0.950 0.975
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Link Quality
Structural
Similarity
Index
NCP (Normal)
NCP (ONPM)
Figure 16 Quality of image at different link qualities for ε ≈ 1.3εmin
3.4. Effect of Loads
The size of image to be transported from the source to the destination is extremely related to the
network loads. Larger size of image cause heavier load to the network since the number of
packets needs to be transferred will increase subsequently. The simulation has been conducted to
determine the loads effect on the throughput and image quality. Different image sizes have been

32
considered based on the simulation parameter settings stated earlier. Table 4 provided, sizes of
the input image number of transmitted packets and nodes power level are provided in Table 4.
The relay nodes power is set to approximately 70% of the total minimum power level required in
the transmission of all packets of each image size. The samples of original and received images
of 8, 64 and 1024 Kbytes size are also provided in Figure 20 to Figure 22 respectively. These
images are obtained from the simulation of OPR-NCP in the proposed ONPM.
0.600 0.800 0.900 0.950 0.975
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Link Quality
Normalized
Throughput
NCP (Normal)
NCP (ONPM)
Figure 17 System throughput at different link qualities for ε ≈ 1.3εmi
Table 4: Image size and the correlate number of packets and nodes power
Image Size
(Kbytes)
Number of
Packet, K
Nodes Power
Level (unit)
8 1024 495
16 4096 1970
64 16384 7880
256 65536 31500
1024 262144 125000
Based on throughput and image quality results as depicted in Figure 18 and Figure 19.
Respectively, it can be seen that the throughput of the system is not affected by the changes of
image size. Intuitively, number of packets transmitted will not affect the system throughput if the
ratio of the nodes power level to the total number of transmitted packets is fixed. Given that, the
size of packets of each image is fixed while the link quality used must be in the same range.
The reason is that, only 70% of the packets are transmitted by the source since the network has
only 70% of the total power. Therefore, the remaining 30% of the packets are considered loss and
appear as black area on the image. Besides, packet loss also occurs among the 70% of the
transmitted packets. They can be identified from the noises in the images. In small dimension
image, the noises scatter in almost all areas of the image as depicted in Figure 20. On the other
hand, different noise levels can be distinguished between left and center regions in the large
dimension image shown in Figure21. This is primarily due to the paths with the lowest packet
loss rate are used during the first approximate 30% of the transmission process. However, as the
nodes in the paths are out of power, the new paths with higher packet loss rate will be used which
consequently caused higher packet loss. Based on Figure 22 the noise level will maximized
subsequently.

33
8 16 64 256 1024
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Image Size (Kbyte)
Normalized
Throughput
Figure 18 Normalized throughput at different image size
8 16 64 256 1024
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Image Size (Kbyte)
Structural
Similarity
Index
NCP (Normal)
NCP (ONPM)
Figure19 Effect of image size on the output image quality
Figure 20 Original and received 8 Kbytes images in ONPM (Magnified 800%)

34
Figure 21 Original and received 64 Kbytes images in ONPM (Magnified 200%)
Figure 22 Original and received 256 Kbytes images in ONPM (Actual Size)
4. CONCLUSIONS
The optimal paths selection model framework for the proposed network coding scheme is
introduced in this paper. The proposed OPNM is used to optimally select the best paths out of
several paths available in the network to be used for the packet transmission process. More
importantly, it clearly shows that the proper selection of the paths will support distributed energy
usage in the network. This is extremely vital for WMSN in which limited energy has been a
major performance bottleneck. Therefore, it can be illustrated that the proposed paths selection
algorithm is energy efficient and resilient to transmission errors when compared to network
coding in a normal network. The works however can be improved in the future to enhanced the
performance and eventually make it more practical. The following are some suggestions on the
work that can be done in the future on the proposed ideas.
RECEIVED IMAGE
ORIGINAL IMAGE
RECEIVED IMAGE
ORIGINAL IMAGE

35
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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