C0441012
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The document analyzes the chemical and nutritional profiles of the mesocarp (edible fleshy part) of three common varieties of Terminalia catappa (tropical almond tree). Proximate analysis found the mesocarp contains moderate amounts of protein, fiber, fat, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found it contains magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, iron and phosphorus. Anti-nutritional factors tannin and phytate were present but in low amounts not likely to cause health issues. The study concluded the three varieties have comparable nutritional compositions and the mesocarp is a good source of nutrients comparable to other fruits, making it suitable for human consumption.
![Chemical Profile of the Mesocarp of three Varieties of Terminalia catappa L (Almond Tree)
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of any nutritional significance. On the other hand at low concentrations as reported by Nwos et al (2008), tannin
is advantageous. It plays the role of anti-inflammatory agent.
Table III: Composition of Representative Anti nutritional Factors in the Mesocarp of the three Varieties
of T. catppa.mg/100g
Parameter Sample A Sample B Sample C
Tannin (Ta/100g) 0.85 0.68 0.65
Phytate (mg/g) 6.68±0.13 3.36±0.03 7.84±0.08
Phytate, the other anti-nutritional factor quantified in the fruits binds essential mineral nutrients in
digestive tract and can result in minerals deficiencies (Bello, 2006). Phytate diet of 10-60mg/g consumed over a
long period of time has been reported to decrease bioavailability of minerals in monogastric animals (Thomson,
1993). Phytate level of 3.36±0.03 to 7.84±0.08 reported in this study will not be of any nutritional significance,
IV. Conclusion
The mesocarps of T. catappa investigated is a good fruit for consumption. The mineral and proximate
compositions are good supplements to food and are well comparable with other fruits. The anti-nutritional
factors reported are not so much to cause any concern to nutritionist. The three varieties investigated are
comparable.
References
[1] AOAC, (1990) Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th
Ed. Washington D C
[2] Annogu, A. A; Ogundun, Niyi J; Joseph, K. J & Awopetu, V. (2006): Changes in chemical composition and bioassay assessment of
nutritional potentials of almond fruit waste as an alternative feedstufffor lifestocks. Biokemistri 18, 1 25-30
[3] Bello, M. O. (2006): Nutritional and industrial potentials of some underutilized fruits in Nigeria.Unpublished PhD thesis.
[4] Christian, A & Ukhun, M. E. (2006) Nutritional potentials of the nuts of tropical almond (Terminalia catappa L). Pakistan Journal
of Nutrition 5, 4 334-336
[5] Chyan, C. C; Ko, P. T; Mau, J. L & Ka, M. D. (2000) Anti-oxidant activities of Terminalia catappa L leaf extract. Dept.of Food
Nutrition,Hung-Kuang Institude of Technology. Tachung 433, Taiwan, ROC
[6] Duke, J. A (1984): Borderline herbs. CRC Press. Boca Raton FL pg 1-61
[7] Eley, G (1976): Wild fruits and nuts. E. P. Publishing Ltd, Yorkeshire.pg 18-24
[8] Hassan, L. G; Umar, K. J & Atiku, I (2000) Nutritional evaluation of Albizia lebbeck podsas source of feeds for livestocks. Am. J.
Foods Technol. 2, 5 435-439.
[9] Nahm, K. H (1992): Practical guide to feed forage and water analysis . Yoo Han Publishing Inc. Korea Republic 132-133
[10] Nwosu, F. O; Dosumu, O. O. & Okocha, J. O. C (2008) The potentials of Terminalia catappa (almond) and Hyphaene thebaica
(Dum palm) fruits as raw materials for livestock feed. African Journal of Biotechnology 7, 24 4 576-4580
[11] Oloyede, O. I. (2005) Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica papaya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 4, 6 379-381
[12] Pearson, D. (1976) The chemical analysis of food. 7th
Ed. Churchill Livingstone, London.
[13] Price, M. L; Scoyoc, S. V & Butler, L. G. (1978) Critical evaluation of the vallinin reation as an assay for tannin in sorghum grain.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 26, 1214-1218
[14] Shamberger, R. J. (1984) Nutrition and cancer. Plenum Press, New York 45 pg 15-23
[15] Thomson, L. U. (1993) Potential health benefits and problems associated with anti-nutrients in foods. Res. Intl 26 131-149
[16] WHO/FAO, (1973) Report in: Energy and protein requirements. Geneva: World Health Organisation; WHO Technical Report
series. No 522.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/c0441012-140515012347-phpapp01/85/C0441012-3-320.jpg)
C0441012
- 1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 4, Issue 4 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 10-12 www.iosrjournals.org www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page Chemical Profile of the Mesocarp of three Varieties of Terminalia catappa L (Almond Tree) Bolaji, O. S; Ogunmola,O. O; and Sodamade A Department Of Chemistry, Emmanuel Alayande College of EducationP.M.B. 1010, Oyo. Oyo State Nigeria Abstract: Five mineral composition (macro element) and proximate composition of the mesocarp of the three common varieties of Terminalia catappa were investigated using standard analytical procedure with a view to evaluating their nutritional potential. The proximate composition of the fruit samples revealed the moisture content 4.81±0.01 to 7.48±0.002, Crude protein; 5.21±0.08 to 6.94±0.08, Crude fibre; 17.27±0.01 to 55.77± 0.004, Crude Fat; 3.66±0.001 to 7.66±0.002, ash; 2.05±0.01 to 7.14±0.01 and nitrogen free extract 25.77±0.04 to 54.79±0.02. The mineral content of the three samples indicated that P, Na, Ca, Mg and K are the most abundant of the five minerals examined. The study revealed that both the chemical composition and proximate composition are comparable with other fruits. Also, the three varieties do not vary much from each other. The representative anti nutritional factors- tannis and phytate was reported present at concentrations that may not pose health problems for human consumption. The study recommended that the three varieties are good for human consumption like other fruits. I. Introduction Terminalia catappa tree, commonly called tropical almond, wild almond, India almond, sea almond, almond tree etc belong to the family of Combretacea (Nwosu et al 2008). It originated from tropical Asia , India, The Malay Peninsula, Taiwan, Burma though thrives well in other tropical regions of the world including Nigeria. The fruits are very nutritious and contain significant amount of high quality proteins and minerals (Eley 1976). The fruits are eaten raw and cherished by children particularly in Southern Nigeria. It is considered to have aphrodissac and anti bacteria properties (Christian & Ekhun 2006). The world’s production of this fruit stands at 700000tons annually and Nigeria produces 100000tons annually (Annongu 2005). There are several species of the T. catappa but the most common is Prunus amygdalus which has two types viz: Prunus delcis vardulas – the sweet variety and Prunus var mara the bitter variety. The white variety is also common in Nigeria. Christian & Ekhun (2006) reported the proximate composition of the nuts of T. catappa and Nwosu et al (2008) compared the mesocarp of the plant with Hyphanae thebaica (dum palm) but there had not been reports on comparison of the three common varieties in Nigeria. This work is on proximate compositions of the mesocarps of the three common varieties of T. catappa in Southern Nigeria with the intent of supplying nutritionists with more information on this plant. II. Materials and Methods Sample collection and pretreatment: Mature ripe fruits for this study were collected by handpicking in Oyo town of Oyo State in Nigeria. Oyo town is located in the Southwest of Nigeria. The collections and subsequent treatment was done in June 2008. The fruits were identified in the Department of Biology, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo and confirmed at Forest Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan. Initial screening was done to separate the good one from the bad ones. The good ones were scooped with knife and then sundried for seven days. The samples were then grounded into powder and stored in desiccators. All analyses were done on dried samples. Mineral analysis: The metal ions – calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, sodium Na, potassium K, Iron Fe and non metal phosphorous P were determined using the method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1990) with the aid of atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific model 200). The samples were dry- ashed at 5500 C. The ash was boiled with 10ml of 20%hydrochloric acid and filtered into a 100ml standard flask and deionized water was used to make the mark. Triplicate analysis of each of these samples was carried out by aspirating the digested samples into the instrument separately and the mean signal responses recorded at each element’s respective wavelength. Blank determination was conducted also. Prximate analysis: Proximate analyses were carried out according to the procedure of AOAC, 1990. Triplicate determinations were done for each of the parameters using 2g of the dry matter. Moisture content was determined by drying 2g of the dry sample in an oven overnight at 105o C until constant weight was obtained. Crude fat was soxhlet extracted in petroleum ether between 600 - 800 C exhaustively. The total nitrogen was determined by microkjedahl method described by Pearson(1976) and converted to crude protein by multiplying
- 2. Chemical Profile of the Mesocarp of three Varieties of Terminalia catappa L (Almond Tree) www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page by corrective factor 6.25. The total ash was obtained by incinerating 2g of the dry sample in a muffle furnace at 5500 C until fully burnt to ash at constant weight. Carbohydrate was determined by difference (Pearson, 1976). Quantification of anti nutritional factors: tannins and phytate a. Determination of tannins: Tannins content was determined by method described by Price et al (1978). Calibration curve was prepared for catechin standard solutions using freshly prepared vanillin-hydrochloric acid reagent. Blank solution was also prepared and the absorbance taken at 500nm. Absorbance of blank was subtracted from that of the standard and the difference was used to plot the curve. 2g of the ground sample was then extracted with hydrochloric-methanol solution and reacted with vanillin-HCl reagent. The absorbance was taken and the difference with absorbance of blank solution was used to obtain the tannin in mg/g from the standard catechin curve. b. Detemination of phytate : Phytate of the mesocarps of the three samples was determined by the method described by Nahm(1992) III. Results and Discussion The result of the proximate composition is presented in Table I. It reveals considerable amount of fibre ranging from 17.27±0.01 to 55.77±0.004.fibre in food independently lowers blood pressure and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. The repoted value is good for human’s body. The carbohydrate content is (25.77±0.04 to 54.79±0.02). The carbohydrate content is slightly lower in sample B but sample A and C can contribute meaningfully to the recommended daily allowance. The crude protein content ranges between 5.21±0.08 and 6.94±0.08. The protein contents of the three species are not significantly different at 95% confidence limit. Proteins however are needful diet consumption of human beings. It is essential for growth and cell replacement. WHO/FAO suggests a daily intake of 0.88g of protein per kg body weight for children in the age range of 1 – 10years. This study reveals that the mesocarp of almond fruits can be a good supplement for plant protein. Table I: Chemical Composition of the Mesocarps of the three Varieties of T. catappa. g/100g Parameters Sample A Sample B Sample C Moisture 4.81±0.01 6.50±0.01 7.48±0.002 Crude Protein 6.94±0.08 5.21±0.08 5.66±0.08 Fibre 41.03±0.16 55.77±0.004 17.27±0.01 Fat 5.23±0.004 3.66±0.001 7.66±0.002 Ash 2.05±0.01 3.09±o.08 7.14±0.01 Carbohydrate 39.84±0.05 25.77±0.04 54.79±0.02 ±Mean standard deviation of triplicate determination The fat content falls within the range of 3.66±0.001 and 7.66±0.003. This value reveals that the mesocarp is low in fat compared with that of the nuts of the same plant reported by Christian and Ukhum (2006). The ash content of 2.05±0.01 in the red species and 7.14±0.01 in the white species is low and suggests low content of inorganic minerals. The mesocarp contains moisture between 4.81±0.01 in the red species and 7.48±0.002 in the white species. The low level of moisture allows for longer storage because of reduced microbial activities (Hassan et al, 2007). Table II: Mineral Composition of the three Varieties of T. catappa mg/100g Minerals Sample A Sample B Sample C Mg 101.3 110.7 95.2 K 59.1 71.6 80.3 Ca 81.9 65.8 90.5 Na 111.6 109.2 121.6 Fe 11.5 9.6 10.1 P 1387 1260 1586 Table II reveals that the mesocarps mineral composition consists of magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium, iron and phosphorous in reasonable amounts. These nutritionally important components of this fruit are found to be comparable to values reported for some Nigerian agricultural fruits by Duke (1984) and Umoh (1995) in Oloyede (2005). The samples are also rich in dietary phosphorous. Phosphorous according to Christian and Ukhum (2006) makes up 22% of total body minerals. The presence of anti-nutritional factors is reported in Table III. These are tannin and phytate. Tannin is toxic in bloodstream (Bello, 2006). Excessive consumption of tannin is both mutagenic and carcinogenic (Shamberger, 1998). Tannin value of 0.68Ta/100mg which is the highest in the three samples is very low to be
- 3. Chemical Profile of the Mesocarp of three Varieties of Terminalia catappa L (Almond Tree) www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page of any nutritional significance. On the other hand at low concentrations as reported by Nwos et al (2008), tannin is advantageous. It plays the role of anti-inflammatory agent. Table III: Composition of Representative Anti nutritional Factors in the Mesocarp of the three Varieties of T. catppa.mg/100g Parameter Sample A Sample B Sample C Tannin (Ta/100g) 0.85 0.68 0.65 Phytate (mg/g) 6.68±0.13 3.36±0.03 7.84±0.08 Phytate, the other anti-nutritional factor quantified in the fruits binds essential mineral nutrients in digestive tract and can result in minerals deficiencies (Bello, 2006). Phytate diet of 10-60mg/g consumed over a long period of time has been reported to decrease bioavailability of minerals in monogastric animals (Thomson, 1993). Phytate level of 3.36±0.03 to 7.84±0.08 reported in this study will not be of any nutritional significance, IV. Conclusion The mesocarps of T. catappa investigated is a good fruit for consumption. The mineral and proximate compositions are good supplements to food and are well comparable with other fruits. The anti-nutritional factors reported are not so much to cause any concern to nutritionist. The three varieties investigated are comparable. References [1] AOAC, (1990) Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th Ed. Washington D C [2] Annogu, A. A; Ogundun, Niyi J; Joseph, K. J & Awopetu, V. (2006): Changes in chemical composition and bioassay assessment of nutritional potentials of almond fruit waste as an alternative feedstufffor lifestocks. Biokemistri 18, 1 25-30 [3] Bello, M. O. (2006): Nutritional and industrial potentials of some underutilized fruits in Nigeria.Unpublished PhD thesis. [4] Christian, A & Ukhun, M. E. (2006) Nutritional potentials of the nuts of tropical almond (Terminalia catappa L). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5, 4 334-336 [5] Chyan, C. C; Ko, P. T; Mau, J. L & Ka, M. D. (2000) Anti-oxidant activities of Terminalia catappa L leaf extract. Dept.of Food Nutrition,Hung-Kuang Institude of Technology. Tachung 433, Taiwan, ROC [6] Duke, J. A (1984): Borderline herbs. CRC Press. Boca Raton FL pg 1-61 [7] Eley, G (1976): Wild fruits and nuts. E. P. Publishing Ltd, Yorkeshire.pg 18-24 [8] Hassan, L. G; Umar, K. J & Atiku, I (2000) Nutritional evaluation of Albizia lebbeck podsas source of feeds for livestocks. Am. J. Foods Technol. 2, 5 435-439. [9] Nahm, K. H (1992): Practical guide to feed forage and water analysis . Yoo Han Publishing Inc. Korea Republic 132-133 [10] Nwosu, F. O; Dosumu, O. O. & Okocha, J. O. C (2008) The potentials of Terminalia catappa (almond) and Hyphaene thebaica (Dum palm) fruits as raw materials for livestock feed. African Journal of Biotechnology 7, 24 4 576-4580 [11] Oloyede, O. I. (2005) Chemical profile of unripe pulp of Carica papaya. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 4, 6 379-381 [12] Pearson, D. (1976) The chemical analysis of food. 7th Ed. Churchill Livingstone, London. [13] Price, M. L; Scoyoc, S. V & Butler, L. G. (1978) Critical evaluation of the vallinin reation as an assay for tannin in sorghum grain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 26, 1214-1218 [14] Shamberger, R. J. (1984) Nutrition and cancer. Plenum Press, New York 45 pg 15-23 [15] Thomson, L. U. (1993) Potential health benefits and problems associated with anti-nutrients in foods. Res. Intl 26 131-149 [16] WHO/FAO, (1973) Report in: Energy and protein requirements. Geneva: World Health Organisation; WHO Technical Report series. No 522.