Learning and Instruction
Download as PPT, PDF3 likes4,558 views
This document discusses learning definitions, elements, and factors. It defines learning as a cognitive process that results in improved performance over time through adaptation. Key elements of learning include it being cognitive, leading to changes through performance, and resulting in relatively permanent changes to cognition. Adult learners are different in that they have life experience, purpose for learning, spend their own resources, want focus, and value social aspects. The learning process involves inputs like resources and trainers, internal processes like acquisition and retention, and outputs like skills and knowledge. Factors that affect learning are individual variables, task/learning variables, and environmental variables. Instructional events aim to facilitate the internal learning process.
Learning and Instruction
- 2. LEARNING: DEFINITIONS The cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge. Simon defined learning as changes in a system that result in improved performance over time on tasks similar to those done previously. A process of ADAPTATION by which a set of adjustable parameters is automatically modified so that some objective is more readily achieved. A relatively permanent change in cognition, resulting from experience and directly influencing behavior. Learning is thought to be the act or process which develops or changes the behaviour of the learner to a degree of permanence, usually with the intervention of an educator. 2
- 3. LEARNING: IMPORTANT ELEMENTS It is a cognitive process. It leads to changes in a system through improved performance. It is a process of ADAPTATION to achieve some objective. A relatively permanent change in cognition. Learning is thought to be the act or process which develops or changes the behaviour of the learner. 3
- 4. ADULT LEARNERS: HOW THEY ARE DIFFERENT ! Adults have work and life experience. Adults have a purpose for their learning Adults spend their own time, money and resources to learn a new skill. Adult like to be focused during the training. Adults view the learning process as a social process. Adults need to be respected for their experience and views shared by them. No single strategy may prove successful in case of training to adult learners. 4
- 5. Process of Learning INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT •Trainer • Acquisition • Learning Resources • Learner • Organization • Trained Learners • Human Resources • Retention (Memory) • Competencies • Training Plan • Recall (Retrieval) • Physical resources • Application (Use) • Knowledge enhancement Training rooms Laboratories Workshops Instructional Resources • Policies and plans • Training methods & Media for Instruction • Communication • Interactions • Evaluation and feedback • Management of Learning • Skills acquisition • Competency Enhancement • Communication skills development • Attitudinal change • Certification • Time FEEDBACK 5
- 6. INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTION IS A SET OF EVENTS OUTSIDE THE LEARNER TO FACILITATE THE INTERNAL PROCESS OF LEARNING. INSTRUCTION APPILCATION ACQUISITION RECALL ORGANISATION RETENTION 6
- 10. Factors Affecting Learning 1. Individual Variables TRAINING PROCESS 2. Task (Learning) Variables 3. Environmental Variables 10
- 11. Factors Affecting Learning INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES LEARNING CAPABILITIES INTREST PERCEPTION EXPERIENCES ENDURANCE PERSONAL FACTORS EGO TASK VARIABLES OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING TRAINER’S COMPETENCE VARIETY OF EXPERIENCES COMMUNICATION GAP RATIONALITY TASK OVERLOAD INTERVENTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES SPACE AMBIENCE CONDUSIVE ENVIRONMENT DECORUM ERGONOMICS AMENITIES LOCAL VISITS SERVICE QUALITY 11
- 12. Events of Instruction S.No INSTRUCTIONAL EVENTS RELATION TO INTERNAL LEARNING PROCESS 1. GAINING ATTENTION RECEPTION OF PATTERNS OF NEURAL IMPULSES 2. INFORMING THE LEARNER OF THE OBJECTIVES ACTIVATING THE PROCESS OF EXECUTIVE CONTROL 3. STIMULATING RECALL OF PREREQUISITE LEARNING RETRIEVAL TO WORKING MEMORY 4. PRESENTING THE STIMULUS MATERIAL EMPHASIZING FEATURES OF SELECTIVE PERCEPTION 5. GUIDING LEARNING SEMANTIC ENCODING 6. ELICITING THE PERFORMANCE ACTIVATING RESPONSE ORGANIZATION 7. PROVIDING FEEDBACK ABOUT PERFORMANCE CORRECTNESS ESTABLISHING REINFORCEMENT 8. ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS ACTIVATING RETRIEVAL MAKING REINFORCEMENT POSSIBLE 9. ENHANCING RETENTION AND TRANSFER PROVIDING CUES & STRATEGIES FOR RETRIEVAL 12
- 13. FACTORS OF LEARNING Principle Learning Factors 1. Aligning learning and performance contexts Percent Improvement 10 to 55% 2. Providing retrieval practice and testing 30 to 100% 3. Using appropriate feedback schedules 15 to 50% 4. Prompting meaningful repetitions 30 to 110% 5. Spacing repetitions and practice over time 6. Varying materials and delivery methods 7. Avoiding the addition of distracting elements 8. Appropriately using learning objectives 5 to 40% not yet determined 25 to 50% 5 to 45% 13
- 14. The Role of the Trainer •The Expert Role: transmits information about a subject to an audience. •The Planning Role: designs or plans the learning experience or the learning environment to build sustainable teams. •The Instructor: guides or directs the learning situation often telling the learner what to do •The Facilitator: responds to the learner's needs and lends guidance and support to facilitate self-learning. •Resource Person: provides materials and information to the learners on the identified gaps. •The Co-Learner: learns along side the learners. Mutually plans the learning objectives and activities. 14 •The Model Role: models or influences behaviour and values.
- 15. LEARNING BEGINS HERE…. "If you think you are beaten, you are, If you think that you dare not, you don't, If you'd like to win, but you think you can't, It's almost certain you won't. If you think you'll lose, you've lost, For out in the world you'll find, Success begins with a fellow's will, It's all in the state of mind. If you think you are outclassed, you are, You've got to think high to rise, You've got to be sure of yourself before You can ever win a prize. Life's battles don't always go To the stronger or faster man, But soon or late the man who wins Is the man who thinks he can." -- Arnold Palmer 15