Basic linux commands
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This document provides a list of basic Linux commands for tasks like displaying system information, managing files and directories, networking, installing and managing packages, and more. Some examples included are commands to display the Linux distribution, list hardware devices, copy files, install packages, and more. Nearly all common Linux tasks are covered with brief explanations of the commands.
!['$HOME/.config/autostart'
You can configure "preferred applications" by this file
"$HOME/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list"
Continuously monitor the memory usage
watch -d free
Display HTTP HEAD response
w3m -dump_head http://example.com
Display file content with line number
nl FILE_NAME
Eliminate Rootkit
sudo rkhunter --checkall
Change hostname
sudo hostname new_name
"Tasksel" group software packages into "task"s. You can select a "task" and then install all
necessary software packages. It is easy to set up LAMP servers or cloud computing
servers.
Show all tasks
tasksel --list
Display the extended description of a task
tasksel --task-desc lamp-server
List the packages which are parts of a task
tasksel --task-packages lamp-server
Install/remove a task
gksudo tasksel
Change Process priority
renice NEW_PRIORITY `pgrep NAME_OF_PROCESS`
example: renice 5 `pgrep firefox`
renice -5 `pgrep wine-server`
high <------------------> low
NEW_PRIORITY = -19, -18, -17 [...] 18, 19, 20
Clear Bash history
history -c
If you want to use colorful "ls", that is, use colors to distinguish types of files, you can add
these lines in $HOME/.bashrc:
if [ "$TERM" != "dumb" ]; then
eval "`dircolors -b`"
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
fi](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/basiclinuxcommands-140106110120-phpapp01/85/Basic-linux-commands-6-320.jpg)
Basic linux commands
- 1. Basic Linux commands Almost These Linux commands are basics except those which relate to package manager, we all know that they differs, Ubuntu, Mint ... use Apt, Arch uses Pacman ... Here are some Basic Linux commands : Display Linux distributor's ID lsb_release -is Display Linux release number lsb_release -rs Display Linux code name lsb_release -cs Display machine hardware name uname -m List all PCI devices, such as display card and ethernet card. lspci Reclaim memory which stores pagecache, dentries and inodes echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches Display a list of modules in the Linux Kernel lsmod List USB devices lsusb -v Display the status of ethernet card sudo ethtool eth0
- 2. List hardware sudo lshw List harddisk partitions sudo fdisk -l Display SATA harddisk parameters sudo hdparm -I /dev/sda Display disk space usage df -h Display file/folder space usage du -bsh FOLDER_NAME Display amount of free and used memory free Display processes ps -e Display a tree of processes pstree Display processes dynamically top Terminate a process with a given process id sudo kill -9 PROCESS_ID Terminate all processes with a given name sudo killall PROCESS_NAME List files which are opened by a given process lsof -p PROCESS_ID lsof -c PROCESS_NAME List processes which opened a given file lsof FILE_NAME List processes which are using port 80 lsof -i :80 Configure an ADSL connection sudo pppoeconf Starts up ADSL connections sudo pon Shuts down ADSL connections sudo poff
- 3. Display MAC of a given IP address arping IP_ADDRESS Display NetBIOS name of a given IP address nmblookup -A IP_ADDRESS Display IP address and MAC ifconfig -a Display route netstat -rn Set MAC of ethernet interface sudo ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:11:22:33:44:55 Display information of a domain name whois example.com Display the network path to a given host tracepath example.com Request an IP address from DHCP server sudo dhclient Temporarily restart an init script sudo /etc/init.d/SCRIPT_NAME restart Temporarily stop an init script sudo /etc/init.d/SCRIPT_NAME stop Add a user sudo adduser USER_NANE Delete a user sudo deluser USER_NAME Change user password sudo passwd USER_NAME Changes user fullname, office number, office extension, and home phone number information. sudo chfn USER_NAME Display user information finger USER_NAME Temporarily prevent a user from logging in sudo usermod -L USER_NAME Revoke the operation above sudo usermod -U USER_NAME Add a user to admin group sudo usermod -G admin -a USER_NAME
- 4. Set the HTTP proxy export http_proxy=http://PROXY.DOMAIN.NAME:PORT Modify the information displayed after logging in sudo vim /etc/motd.tail Choose the input method for X Window im-switch -c Convert the file name from GBK to UTF8 convmv -r -f gbk -t utf8 --notest FILE_NAME Convert the file content from GBK to UTF8 iconv -f gbk -t utf8 FILE_NAME Convert tags in '*.mp3' from GBK to UTF8 find . -name '*.mp3' -execdir mid3iconv -e GBK {} ; Read a long file less FILE_NAME Print lines matching a pattern grep REG_EXP FILE_NAME Display a list of file name. The files contain a given string. grep -lr REG_EXP PATHNAME Display all '.txt' file find . -name '*.txt' Create two empty files touch file_name_1 file_name_2 Create directory. Create parent directories as needed. mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c/d/e Change working directory to the home folder cd Change working directory to the previous working directory cd Display hidden files ls -a Copy directory. Preserve links, file mode, ownership, timestamps. cp -a SOURCE_DIRECTORY DEST_DIRECTORY Determine file type file FILE_NAME Output the last 6 lines
- 5. tail -n 6 FILE_NAME Copy files via SSH scp -rp FILE_NAME USERNAME@HOST:DEST_PATH Rename '*.rm' files to '*.rmvb' files rename 's/.rm$/.rmvb/' * Change the file name to lowercase rename 'tr/A-Z/a-z/' * Display subdirectories in current directory ls -d */. Display file number in current directory ls . | wc -w Extract "*.gz" file gunzip FILE_NAME.gz Extract "*.tar.gz" file tar zxf FILE_NAME.tar.gz Extract "*.tar.bz2" file tar jxf FILE_NAME.tar.bz2 Do compression tar czf FILE_NAME.tar.gz FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 tar cjf FILE_NAME.tar.bz2 FILE1 FILE2 FILE3 Displays a calendar cal cal MONTH YEAR Set the date and time via NTP sudo ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com Poweroff your computer sudo halt sudo shutdown -h now Poweroff your computer in 23:00 sudo shutdown -h 23:00 Poweroff your computer after 60 minutes sudo shutdown -h +60 Reboot your computer sudo reboot sudo shutdown -r now If you want some program to start up automatically, please put '.desktop' files into
- 6. '$HOME/.config/autostart' You can configure "preferred applications" by this file "$HOME/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list" Continuously monitor the memory usage watch -d free Display HTTP HEAD response w3m -dump_head http://example.com Display file content with line number nl FILE_NAME Eliminate Rootkit sudo rkhunter --checkall Change hostname sudo hostname new_name "Tasksel" group software packages into "task"s. You can select a "task" and then install all necessary software packages. It is easy to set up LAMP servers or cloud computing servers. Show all tasks tasksel --list Display the extended description of a task tasksel --task-desc lamp-server List the packages which are parts of a task tasksel --task-packages lamp-server Install/remove a task gksudo tasksel Change Process priority renice NEW_PRIORITY `pgrep NAME_OF_PROCESS` example: renice 5 `pgrep firefox` renice -5 `pgrep wine-server` high <------------------> low NEW_PRIORITY = -19, -18, -17 [...] 18, 19, 20 Clear Bash history history -c If you want to use colorful "ls", that is, use colors to distinguish types of files, you can add these lines in $HOME/.bashrc: if [ "$TERM" != "dumb" ]; then eval "`dircolors -b`" alias ls='ls --color=auto' fi
- 7. $HOME/.thumbnails/ directory is a cache dir GNOME makes when you browse through your folders in nautilus. It contains thumbnail pictures of picture files you've previously looked at. You can get its total size by du -bs $HOME/.thumbnails/ You can delete the files in the .thumbnails directory that haven't been accessed for seven days, to free disk space. find $HOME/.thumbnails/ -type f -atime +7 -exec rm {} ; Capture screen after 10 seconds gnome-screenshot -d 10 Capture current window after 10 seconds gnome-screenshot -wd 10 Start GConf editor: Press Alt+F2, type 'gconf-editor'. Set apt source sudo software-properties-gtk sudo software-properties-kde Display the packages which are not installed but have remained residual config dpkg -l | awk '/^rc/ {print $2}' Add a PPA repository: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:PPA-REPOSITORY-NAME Display a list of files. The files are installed from a given package. dpkg -L PACKAGE_NAME Display a list of packages. The packages installed a given file. dpkg -S FILE_NAME Display a list of packages. The name of packages matches given regex pattern. apt-cache search REG_EXPRESSION Display a list of packages. The packages provide a given file. apt-file search FILE_NAME Display a list of packages. The given package depends on the list of packages. apt-cache depends PACKAGE_NAME Display a list of packages. These packages depend on the given package. apt-cache rdepends PACKAGE_NAME Prompt for a disk to be inserted and then add the disc to the source list. sudo apt-cdrom add Install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system. sudo apt-get upgrade
- 8. Delete residual package configuration files. dpkg -l | grep ^rc | awk '{print $2}' | sudo xargs dpkg -P Automatically install necessary files for './configure ; make ; make install' sudo auto-apt run ./configure Save the list of packages currently installed on your system. dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall > SOME_FILE Then use the file to restore packages. dpkg --set-selections < SOME_FILE ; sudo dselect After running "sudo apt-get install", "*.deb" files are stored in "/var/cache/apt/archives" You can clean this directory by: sudo apt-get clean Display URL for a given package apt-get -qq --print-uris install PACKAGE_NAME Display some statistics about the apt cache apt-cache stats Display all package name apt-cache pkgnames Display some information of a given package apt-cache show PACKAGE_NAME