Chapter 01 introduction to computers computing
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The document provides an overview of computer fundamentals and the evolution of computers through different generations. It discusses how computers can perform high-speed calculations and process data. The key characteristics of computers are described such as their automatic, speedy, accurate, and versatile nature. The evolution of early mechanical calculators and computers is summarized, followed by the defining features of the five generations of computers including the technologies and applications that emerged with each generation from the 1940s to the present.
Chapter 01 introduction to computers computing
- 1. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 1/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page
- 2. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 2/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: § Computer § Data processing § Characteristic features of computers § Computers’ evolution to their present form § Computer generations § Characteristic features of each computer generation 01
- 3. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 3/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page § The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate” § Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed § A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired ComputerComputer 01
- 4. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 4/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page Data ProcessingData Processing The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing Data Capture Data Manipulate Data Output Results Information Data is raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing 01
- 5. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 5/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page 1) Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions 2) Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12) 3) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage- In-Garbage-Out (GIGO) (Continued on next slide) Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers 02
- 6. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 6/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page 4) Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling 5) Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps 6) Power of Remembering: Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so (Continued from previous slide..) Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers (Continued on next slide) 02
- 7. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 7/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page 7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard 8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgement is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings) (Continued from previous slide..) (Continued on next slide) Characteristics of ComputersCharacteristics of Computers 03
- 8. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 8/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page Evolution of ComputersEvolution of Computers § Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642 § Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671 § Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880 § Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s 03
- 9. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 9/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page § Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers § He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822 § He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions § His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer (Continued from previous slide..) (Continued on next slide) Evolution of ComputersEvolution of Computers 03
- 10. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 10/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page Some Well Known Early ComputersSome Well Known Early Computers § The Mark I Computer (1937-44) § The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) § The ENIAC (1943-46) § The EDVAC (1946-52) § The EDSAC (1947-49) § Manchester Mark I (1948) § The UNIVAC I (1951) 03
- 11. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 11/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page § “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry § Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software § Till today, there are five computer generations Computer GenerationsComputer Generations (Continued on next slide) 05
- 12. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 12/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page § Honeywell 400 § IBM 7030 § CDC 1604 § UNIVAC LARC § Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than previous generation systems § Commercial production was still difficult and costly § Batch operating system § High-level programming languages § Scientific and commercial applications § Transistors § Magnetic cores memory § Magnetic tapes § Disks for secondary storage Second (1955-1964) § ENIAC § EDVAC § EDSAC § UNIVAC I § IBM 701 § Bulky in size § Highly unreliable § Limited commercial use and costly § Difficult commercial production § Difficult to use § Machine and assembly languages § Stored program concept § Mostly scientific applications § Vacuum tubes § Electromagnetic relay memory § Punched cards secondary storage First (1942-1955) Some representative systems Key characteristics Key software technologies Key hardware technologies Generation (Period) (Continued from previous slide..) (Continued on next slide) Computer GenerationsComputer Generations 13
- 13. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 13/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page § IBM 360/370 § PDP-8 § PDP-11 § CDC 6600 § Faster, smaller, more reliable, easier and cheaper to produce § Commercially, easier to use, and easier to upgrade than previous generation systems § Scientific, commercial and interactive on- line applications § Timesharing operating system § Standardization of high-level programming languages § Unbundling of software from hardware § ICs with SSI and MSI technologies § Larger magnetic cores memory § Larger capacity disks and magnetic tapes secondary storage § Minicomputers; upward compatible family of computers Third (1964-1975) Some rep. systems Key characteristics Key software technologies Key hardware technologies Generation (Period) (Continued from previous slide..) (Continued on next slide) Computer GenerationsComputer Generations 13
- 14. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 14/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page § IBM PC and its clones § Apple II § TRS-80 § VAX 9000 § CRAY-1 § CRAY-2 § CRAY-X/MP § Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs § More powerful and reliable mainframe systems and supercomputers § Totally general purpose machines § Easier to produce commercially § Easier to upgrade § Rapid software development possible § Operating systems for PCs with GUI and multiple windows on a single terminal screen § Multiprocessing OS with concurrent programming languages § UNIX operating system with C programming language § Object-oriented design and programming § PC, Network-based, and supercomputing applications § ICs with VLSI technology § Microprocessors; semiconductor memory § Larger capacity hard disks as in-built secondary storage § Magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable storage media § Personal computers § Supercomputers based on parallel vector processing and symmetric multiprocessing technologies § Spread of high-speed computer networks Fourth (1975-1989) Some rep. systems Key characteristics Key software technologies Key hardware Technologies Generation (Period) (Continued from previous slide..) (Continued on next slide) Computer GenerationsComputer Generations 13
- 15. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 15/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page § IBM notebooks § Pentium PCs § SUN Workstations § IBM SP/2 § SGI Origin 2000 § PARAM 10000 § Portable computers § Powerful, cheaper, reliable, and easier to use desktop machines § Powerful supercomputers § High uptime due to hot-pluggable components § Totally general purpose machines § Easier to produce commercially, easier to upgrade § Rapid software development possible § Micro-kernel based, multithreading, distributed OS § Parallel programming libraries like MPI & PVM § JAVA § World Wide Web § Multimedia, Internet applications § More complex supercomputing applications § ICs with ULSI technology § Larger capacity main memory, hard disks with RAID support § Optical disks as portable read-only storage media § Notebooks, powerful desktop PCs and workstations § Powerful servers, supercomputers § Internet § Cluster computing Fifth (1989- Present) Some rep. systems Key characteristics Key software technologies Key hardware technologies Generation (Period) (Continued from previous slide..) Computer GenerationsComputer Generations 13
- 16. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 16/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page (c) An IC Chip(b) A Transistor(a) A Vacuum Tube Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different GenerationsElectronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations 07
- 17. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti SinhaComputer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Slide 17/17Chapter 1: Introduction to ComputersRef Page Key Words/PhrasesKey Words/Phrases § Computer § Computer generations § Computer Supported Cooperative Working (CSCW) § Data § Data processing § Data processor § First-generation computers § Fourth-generation computers § Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO) § Graphical User Interface (GUI) § Groupware § Information § Integrated Circuit (IC) § Large Scale Integration (VLSI) § Medium Scale Integration (MSI) § Microprocessor § Personal Computer (PC) § Second-generation computers § Small Scale Integration (SSI) § Stored program concept § Third-generation computers § Transistor § Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) § Vacuum tubes 12