Introduction to arduino ppt main

OVERVIEW
 Arduino is a open-source based on an easy-to-use hardware
and software.
 It consists of a circuit board, which can be programed
(referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-made
software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the
computer code to the physical board.
 This board contains a microcontroller which is able to be
programmed to sense and control objects in the physical
world.
 By responding to sensors and inputs, the Arduino is able to
interact with a large array of outputs such as LEDs, motors
and displays.
 Because of it’s flexibility and low cost, Arduino has become
a very popular choice for makers and makerspaces looking
to create interactive hardware projects.

Features:
 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input
signals from different sensors and turn it into an output
such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to
the cloud and many other actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board via
Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards,
Arduino does not need an extra piece of hardware (called a
programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board.
You can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of
C++, making it easier to learn to program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that
breaks the functions of the micro-controller into a more
accessible package.

What is Arduino in IoT?
 Arduino acts as the brain of the system and processes the
data from the sensor.
 Arduino is an open source hardware platform that is readily
available for engineers across the globe to build projects.
 It comes with an ATMEGA microcontroller that processes
the data and facilitates the proper working of the IoT
system.
 And the beauty is that the Arduino can be programmed ‘n’
number of times making it possible for you to build various
types of IoT projects just by changing a simple code.
 You need to use C++ language for Arduino programming.
Also IDE software is needed for Arduino based IoT
projects.
 And you need to use ESP-8266 WiFi module to establish
the WiFi communication between the Arduino and cloud
platform.

TYPES OF ARDUINO BORADS
Arduino Uno (R3)
 The Uno is a huge option for your initial
Arduino. This Arduino board depends on
an ATmega328P based microcontroller.
 As compared with other types of arduino
boards, it is very simple to use like the
Arduino Mega type board.
 It consists of 14-digital I/O pins, where 6-
pins can be used as PWM(pulse width
modulation outputs), 6-analog inputs, a
reset button, a power jack, a USB
connection, an In-Circuit Serial
Programming header (ICSP), etc.
 It includes everything required to hold
up the microcontroller; simply attach it
to a PC with the help of a USB cable and
give the supply to get started with an AC-
to-DC adapter or battery.
 Arduino Uno is the most frequently used
board and it is the standard form apart
from all the existing Arduino Boards

Arduino Nano
 This is a small board based on the
microcontrollers like
ATmega328P otherwise
ATmega628 but the connection of
this board is the same as to the
Arduino UNO board.
 This kind of microcontroller
board is very small in size,
sustainable, flexible, and reliable.
 As compared with the Arduino
Uno board, it is small in size. The
devices like mini USB and
Arduino IDE are necessary to
build the projects.
 This board mainly includes analog
pins-8, digital pins-14 with the set
of an I/O pin, power pins-6 & RST
(reset) pins-2.

Arduino Due
 This Arduino board depends on the
ARM Cortex-M3 and it is the first
Arduino microcontroller board.
 This board includes digital I/O pins-54
where 12-pins are PWM o/p pins,
analog pins -12, UARTs-4, a CLK with
84 MHz, an USB OTG, DAC-2, a power
jack, TWI-2, a JTAG header, an SPI
header, two buttons for reset & erase.
 This board works with 3.3V where the
highest voltage that the pins of
input/output can stand is 3.3V because
providing a high voltage to any I/O pin
can lead to damage the board.
 This board is simply connected to a
computer through a small USB cable
otherwise it can be powered through
an AC to DC adapter.
 This Arduino Due board is suitable
with all shields of Arduino at 3.3V.

 Arduino Mega (R3) Board
 The Arduino Mega is similar to the
UNO’s big brother. It includes lots
of digital I/O pins (from that, 14-
pins can be used as PWM o/ps), 6-
analog inputs, a reset button, a
power jack, a USB connection, and
a reset button. It includes
everything required to hold up the
microcontroller; simply attach it to
a PC with the help of a USB cable
and give the supply to get started
with an AC-to-DC adapter or
battery.
 The huge number of pins make
this Arduino board very helpful for
designing projects that need a
bunch of digital i/ps or o/ps like
lots of buttons.

 Arduino Leonardo Board
 The first development board
of an Arduino is the
Leonardo board.
 This board uses one
microcontroller along with
the USB. That means, it can
be very simple and cheap
also. Because this board
handles USB directly,
program libraries are
obtainable which let the
Arduino board to follow a
keyboard of the computer,
mouse, etc.

Comparison
Arduino
Board
Processor Memory Digital I/O Analogue
I/O
Arduino Uno 16Mhz
ATmega328
2KB SRAM,
32KB flash
14 6 input, 0
output
Arduino Due 84MHz
AT91SAM3X
8E
96KB SRAM,
512KB flash
54 12 input, 2
output
Arduino
Mega
16MHz
ATmega2560
8KB SRAM,
256KB flash
54 16 input, 0
output
Arduino
Leonard
16MHz
ATmega32u
4
2.5KB SRAM,
32KB flash
20 12 input, 0
output

Arduino uno - Board Description

Pin 1 - Power USB
 Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable
from your computer. All you need to do is connect the USB
cable to the USB connection (1).
Pin -2- Power (Barrel Jack)
 Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains
power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).
PIN -3- Voltage Regulator
 The function of the voltage regulator is to control the
voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC
voltages used by the processor and other elements.
PIN-4-Crystal Oscillator
 The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time
issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by
using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of
the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the
frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

PIN- 5,17- Arduino Reset
 You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from
the beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First,
by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can
connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled
RESET (5).
PIN-6,7,8,9- Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)
 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine
with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino,
any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board
from an external power source, like AC mains power supply.

PIN-10- Analog pins
 The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins
can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the
microprocessor.
PIN- 11-Main microcontroller
 Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the
brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly
different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL
Company. You must know what IC your board has before loading up a new
program from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of the
IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to
the data sheet.
PIN-12-ICSP pin
 Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to
as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an
"expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the
master of the SPI bus.
PIN-13- Power LED indicator
 This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to
indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on,
then there is something wrong with the connection.

PIN-14- TX and RX LEDs
 On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX
(receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board.
First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible
for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The
TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data.
The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the
board. RX flashes during the receiving process.
PIN-15-Digital I/O
 The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6
provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can
be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic values (0
or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like
LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate
PWM.
PIN-16- AREF
 AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set
an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.

ATMega328P Microcontroller
 The ATmega328/P is a low-power 8-bit
microcontroller based on the AVR
enhanced RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
architecture. It is the most popular of all
microcontrollers as it is used in ARDUINO boards.
 In Order to maximize performance and parallelism,
the microcontroller uses Harvard architecture – with
separate memories and buses for program and data.
 Instruction in the program memory are executed with
a single level of pipelining.
 The clock is controlled by an external 16MHz Crystal
Oscillator.

ARCHITECTURE
•VON NEUMANN: In this architecture, the CPU
communicates with a single data and address bus,
to RAM and ROM simultaneously.
•HARVARD: In this architecture, the CPU has two
separate buses; those are address bus and data
bus to communicate with the RAM and ROM.

Von Neumann
 Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer
concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same
memory.
 Uses a single processor
 Uses one memory for both instructions and data.
 Executes programs following the fetch-decode-execute cycle
 The bottle neck of von Neumann architecture is that instructions and data
both are stored in same memory. So same buses are used to fetch
instructions and data. This means CPU cannot do both things together
(read a instruction and read/write data).

Von Neumann Architecture
Features
 The Von Neumann architecture is a theoretical design based on the stored-
program computer concept.
 The Von Neumann architecture has only one bus that is used for both
instructions fetches and data transfers. More importantly, the operation must
be scheduled because they cannot be performed at the same time.
 In Von Neumann architecture, the processing unit would require two clock
cycles to complete an instruction.
 Von Neumann architecture is usually used literally in all machines from
desktop computers, notebooks, high performance computers to
workstations.
 In Von Neumann, instructions and data use the same bus system therefore
the design and development of control unit is simplified, hence the cost of
production becomes minimum.

Harvard Architecture:
 Harvard Architecture is the computer architecture that
contains separate storage and separate buses for
instruction and data.
 It was basically developed to overcome the bottleneck of
Von Neumann Architecture.
 The main advantage of having separate buses for
instruction and data is that CPU can access instructions
and read/write data at the same time.

Harvard Architecture Features
 The Harvard architecture has separate memory space for instructions and
data which physically separates signals and storage code and data memory,
which in turn makes it possible to access each of the memory system
simultaneously.
 In the Harvard architecture, the processing unit can complete an instruction
in one cycle.
 Harvard architecture is a new concept used specifically in microcontrollers
and digital signal processing (DSP).
 Harvard architecture is complex kind of architecture because it employs
two buses for instruction and data, a factor that makes development of the
control unit comparatively more expensive.

BASIS OF
COMPARISON
VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
HARVARD
ARCHITECTURE
Description The Von Neumann
architecture is a theoretical
design based on the stored-
program computer concept.
It the computer
architecture that contains
separate storage and
separate buses for
instruction and data.
Memory System Has only one bus that is
used for both instructions
fetches and data transfers.
Has separate memory
space for instructions and
data which physically
separates signals and
storage code and data
memory.
Instruction
Processing
The processing unit would
require two clock cycles to
complete an instruction.
The processing unit can
complete an instruction in
one cycle.
Use Von Neumann architecture
is usually used literally in
all machines from desktop
computers, notebooks,
high performance
computers to workstations.
Harvard architecture is a
new concept used
specifically in
microcontrollers and
digital signal processing
(DSP).
Cost Instructions and data use
the same bus system
Complex kind of
architecture because it

Pin Diagram of ATMega328P
Microcontroller

 This microcontroller has three digital ports (B,
C, D) such as PORTB, PORTC, and PORTD.
All these pins can be used as digital
input/output.
 On top of that, each port can be used for other
purposes.
 To use them as output/input or for any other
function it should be defined first otherwise
there won’t be any default function by all I/O
pins.

PIN-1
 PC6 (RESET)
 Pin6 of PORTC
 Pin by default is used as RESET pin. PC6 can only be used as I/O pin
when RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed.
 PIN-2
 PD0 (RXD)
 Pin0 of PORTD
 RXD (Data Input Pin for USART)
 USART Serial Communication Interface
 [Can be used for programming]
 PIN-3
 PD1 (TXD)
 Pin1 of PORTD
 TXD (Data Output Pin for USART)
 USART Serial Communication Interface
 [Can be used for programming]
 INT2( External Interrupt 2 Input)

 PIN-4
 PD2 (INT0)
 Pin2 of PORTD
 External Interrupt source 0
 PIN-5
 PD3 (INT1/OC2B)
 Pin3 of PORTD
 External Interrupt source1
 OC2B(PWM - Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match B Output)
 PIN-6
 PD4 (XCK/T0)
 Pin4 of PORTD
 T0( Timer0 External Counter Input)
 XCK ( USART External Clock I/O)
 PIN-7
 VCC
 Connected to positive voltage

 PIN-8
 GND
 Connected to ground
 PIN-9
 PB6 (XTAL1/TOSC1)
 Pin6 of PORTB
 XTAL1 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 1 or External clock input)
 TOSC1 (Timer Oscillator pin 1)
 PIN-10
 PB7 (XTAL2/TOSC2)
 Pin7 of PORTB
 XTAL2 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 2)
 TOSC2 (Timer Oscillator pin 2)
 PIN-11
 PD5
 (T1/OC0B)
 Pin5 of PORTD
 T1(Timer1 External Counter Input)
 OC0B(PWM - Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match B Output)

PIN-12
 PD6 (AIN0/OC0A)
 Pin6 of PORTD
 AIN0(Analog Comparator Positive I/P)
 OC0A(PWM - Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match A
Output)
PIN-13
 PD7 (AIN1)
 Pin7 of PORTD
 AIN1(Analog Comparator Negative I/P)
PIN-14
 PB0 (ICP1/CLKO)
 Pin0 of PORTB
 ICP1(Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin)
 CLKO (Divided System Clock. The divided system clock
can be output on the PB0 pin)

 PIN-15
 PB1 (OC1A)
 Pin1 of PORTB
 OC1A (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match A Output)
 PIN-16
 PB2 (SS/OC1B)
 Pin2 of PORTB
 SS (SPI Slave Select Input). This pin is low when controller acts
as slave.
 [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]
 OC1B (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match B Output)
 PIN-17
 PB3 (MOSI/OC2A)
 Pin3 of PORTB
 MOSI (Master Output Slave Input). When controller acts as
slave, the data is received by this pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface
(SPI) for programming]
 OC2 (Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match Output)

PIN-18
 PB4 (MISO)
 Pin4 of PORTB
 MISO (Master Input Slave Output). When controller acts as
slave, the data is sent to master by this controller through this
pin.
 PIN-19
 PB5 (SCK)
 Pin5 of PORTB
 SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock). This is the clock shared between this
controller and other system for accurate data transfer.
 PIN-20
 AVCC
 Power for Internal ADC Converter

PIN-21
 AREF
 Analog Reference Pin for ADC
PIN-22
 GND
 GROUND
PIN-23
 PC0 (ADC0)
 Pin0 of PORTC
 ADC0 (ADC Input Channel 0)
PIN-24
 PC1 (ADC1)
 Pin1 of PORTC

PIN-25
 PC2 (ADC2)
 Pin2 of PORTC
PIN-26
 PC3 (ADC3)
 Pin3 of PORTC
PIN-27
 PC4 (ADC4/SDA)
 Pin4 of PORTC
 SDA (Two-wire Serial Bus Data Input/output Line)
PN-28
 PC5 (ADC5/SCL)
 Pin5 of PORTC
 SCL (Two-wire Serial Bus Clock Line)

 The basic working of CPU of ATmega328:-
1. The data is uploaded in serial via the port (being uploaded from the
computer’s Arduino IDE). The data is decoded and then the instructions are
sent to instruction register and it decodes the instructions on the same
clock pulse.
2. On the next clock pulse the next set of instructions are loaded in
instruction register.
3. In general purpose registers the registers are of 8-bit but there are 3 16-
bit registers also.
a. 8-bit registers are used to store data for normal calculations and results.
b. 16-bit registers are used to store data of timer counter in 2 different
register. Eg. X-low & X-high. They are fast, and are used to store specific
hardware functions.
4. EEPROM stores data permanently even if the power is cut out.
Programming inside a EEPROM is slow.
5. Interrupt Unit checks whether there is an interrupt for the execution of
instruction to be executed in ISR (Interrupt Service Routine).
6. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used to
send data between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as Camera,
Display, SD cards, etc. It uses separate clock and data lines, along with a
select line to choose the device you wish to talk to.

 7.Watchdog timer is used to detect and recover from MCU
malfunctioning.
8. Analog comparator compares the input values on the positive and
negative pin, when the value of positive pin is higher the output is
set.
9. Status and control is used to control the flow of execution of
commands by checking other blocks inside the CPU at regular
intervals.
10. ALU (Arithmetic and Logical unit)The high performance AVR
ALU operates in direct connection with all the 32 general purpose
working registers. Within a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations
b/w general purpose registers are executed. The ALU operations are
divided into 3 main categories – arithmetic, logical and bit-function.
11. I/O pins The digital inputs and outputs (digital I/O) on the
Arduino are what allow you to connect the Arduino sensors,
actuators, and other ICs. Learning how to use them will allow you to
use the Arduino to do some really useful things, such as reading
switch inputs, lighting indicators, and controlling relay outputs.

 EXTRA:
1.Automatic (Software) Reset: Rather then requiring a physical
press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running
on a connected computer.
 The Arduino Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the
Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have
a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR (Data Terminal Ready)
can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
 2.Firmware: Firmware is a software program or set of
instructions programmed on a hardware device. It provides the
necessary instructions for how the device communicates with
the other computer hardware. Firmware is held in non-volatile
memory devices such as ROM.
 3.To check whether the firmware is installed in your Arduino or
not just press the reset button and if the inbuilt LED
flickers (on pin 13) the firmware is present.

Arduino - Installation
 The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is
used to write and upload code to the Arduino boards.
The IDE application is suitable for different operating
systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It
supports the programming languages C and C++.
Here, IDE stands for Integrated Development
Environment.
 The program or code written in the Arduino IDE is
often called as sketching. We need to connect the
Genuino and Arduino board with the IDE to upload
the sketch written in the Arduino IDE software. The
sketch is saved with the extension '.ino.'

 Step 1 − First you must have
your Arduino board (you
can choose your favorite
board) and a USB cable. In
case you use Arduino UNO,
Arduino Duemilanove,
Nano, Arduino Mega 2560,
or Diecimila, you will need
a standard USB cable (A
plug to B plug), the kind
you would connect to a USB
printer.

 Step 2 − Download
Arduino IDE Software.
 You can get different
versions of Arduino IDE
from the Download page on
the Arduino Official
website. You must select
your software, which is
compatible with your
operating system
(Windows, IOS, or Linux).
After your file download is
complete, unzip the file.

 Step − Launch
Arduino IDE.
 After your Arduino
IDE software is
downloaded, you need
to unzip the folder.
Inside the folder, you
can find the
application icon with
an infinity label
(application.exe).
Double-click the icon
to start the IDE.

 Step 4 − Open your first project.
 Once the software starts, you have two options −
 Create a new project.
 To create a new project, select File → New

 Step 5 − Select your Arduino board.
 To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board,
you must select the correct Arduino board name, which matches
with the board connected to your computer.
 Go to Tools → Board and select your board.

 Step 6 − Select your
serial port.
 Select the serial
device of the
Arduino board. Go
to Tools → Serial
Port menu. This is
likely to be COM3 or
higher (COM1 and
COM2 are usually
reserved for
hardware serial
ports).

The Arduino IDE will appear as:

Toolbar Button
.UPLOAD
 The Upload button compiles and runs our code written on
the screen. It further uploads the code to the connected
board. Before uploading the sketch, we need to make sure
that the correct board and ports are selected.
 We also need a USB connection to connect the board and
the computer. Once all the above measures are done, click
on the Upload button present on the toolbar.
OPEN
 The Open button is used to open the already created file.
The selected file will be opened in the current window.
SAVE
 The save button is used to save the current sketch or code.
NEW
 It is used to create a new sketch or opens a new window.
VERIFY
 The Verify button is used to check the compilation error of
the sketch or the written code.
SERIAL MONITOR
 The serial monitor button is present on the right corner of
the toolbar. It opens the serial monitor.
 When we connect the serial monitor, the board will reset
on the operating system Windows, Linux. If we want to
process the control characters in our sketch, we need to
use an external terminal program. The terminal program
should be connected to the COM port, which will be
assigned when we connect the board to the computer.

Introduction to arduino ppt main

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