“FUEL EFFICIENT TWO WHEELERS USING MICRO-HYBRID TECHNOLOGY& SMART EMBEDDED SYSTEM”

International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 2 (March-April 2014), PP. 42-47
“FUEL EFFICIENT TWO WHEELERS USING
MICRO-HYBRID TECHNOLOGY& SMART
EMBEDDED SYSTEM”
V. N. Supe1
, V.P.Waghmare2
, N.B.Chopade3
Development at Kinetic communication
Abstract— Fuel pricing, CO2 emission and conservation of
nature have become a hot topic on the international agenda. Due
to CO2 emission and other factors global warming is increasing
drastically and it is a topic of discussion among engineers,
environment mentors and researchers globally. The past decade is
driven largely by an effort to meet legislated carbon emissions
reduction goals for vehicle fleets. The automakers have introduced
technologies that enable internal combustion engines (ICEs) to
turn off automatically when vehicles are stopped. These stop-start
vehicles are also known as micro hybrids, idle stop vehicles, and a
variety of names branded by automakers. These vehicles can offer
significant reductions in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions,
although the actual saving depends heavily on the drive cycle.
Stop-start vehicles require more robust batteries and starter
systems than are found in internal combustion engine vehicles and
are priced at a small premium over ICEs but considerably less
than hybrid vehicles. With the most aggressive environmental
goals in the world, Europe has seen so far the greatest selection of
vehicles with stop-start technology and, not surprisingly, the
greatest volume of vehicles (cars) sold. North America has
experienced a relatively slow penetration of the technology due to
less stringent emissions reduction goals and an Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) testing cycle that underestimates the
benefits of the technology. Worldwide, Pike Research expects
more than 41 million of these vehicles (car) to be sold annually by
2020 – nearly a tenfold increase over 2012 sales.
Keywords— Micro-Hybrid Technology, fuel consumption,
Throttle position sensor, Alternating Current CDI.
I. INTRODUCTION
The micro-hybrid (start-stop) system is based on an
intelligent combination of engine, breaks and battery
management. This system automatically shuts down and
restarts the internal-combustion engine to reduce the amount
of time the engine spends idling in traffic jam, traffic signal or
when people chat keeping the vehicle on (idle condition).
When the traffic jam is over or traffic signal is released or the
chatting of two drivers is finished as the driver raises the
accelerator, the system automatically restarts the engine. The
micro-hybrid systems are also known as start-stop systems and
stop-go systems. This system is most advantageous for the
vehicles which spend significant amount of time waiting at the
traffic light or frequently come to stop in traffic jam. The
electronics ensures the fuel saving, reducing CO2 emission
and ultimately conserving nature without compromising
convenience. The driver doesn’t feel that he has stopped and
again restarted the vehicle with any efforts. The stop and
restart function is automated in the system. For the non-
electric vehicle (called micro hybrid) fuel economy gained
from this technology is typically in the range of 5 to 10
percent. We are proposing the micro-hybrid technology in two
wheelers with affordable cost. This is because in the urban
area the popularity of two- wheelers is increasing day by day.
II. OBJECTIVES
The objective of this system is to help to conserve fuel, nature,
money and to generate revenue by converting this system in to
the successful product. This whole system includes the smart
algorithm, low cost efficient embedded processor and efficient
hardware to reduce overall systems cost.
III. BLOCK DIAGRAM
CONTROL
CIRCUIT
TPS INPUT
& 3mm
TPS INPUT
7mm
HALL EFFECT
SPEED
SENSOR
TILT
SENSOR
DIFFERENCE
AMPLIFIER
STARTER
RELAY DRIVER
CIRCUIT1
EXCITER WAVE
SHAPING
NETWORK
PULSAR WAVE
SHAPING
NETWORK
Trigger
control
circuit
BUZZER
DRIVER
CIRCUIT
STARTER RELAY
DRIVER CIRCUIT 2
VCC
BUZZER
STRTERRELAY
RR
W
Y
R
G
DC
FLASHER
THROTTLE
POINT
SENSOR
HeadLamp
(35W)
Exciter Coil
Rear brake
Front brake
Power switch
+B
SPARK PLUG
OUTPUT
START SWITCH
Override Switch
INPUT
Fig. 1 Total Vehicle System Block
Details of Each Block:
The above diagram is our proposed micro-hybrid
unit. It includes one of the basic ignition systems
and the micro-hybrid (start-stop system). The
purpose of including ignition system and micro
hybrid feature is to reduce the system cost as both
are interrelated. The systems can design using smart
algorithm and embedded processor.
RR (Regulated Rectifier): It is SCR based rectification and
regulation potted unit by epoxy resin. Its input is AC voltage
which is generated by magneto or alternator and its output is
regulated 12V DC and 12VAC. 12V DC is for charging
battery and 12V DC loads (systems), 12VAC is for lamps (like
head lamps, tail lamps etc).
DC Flasher: It is potted control unit for turn signal. It is
manual switch type control. It works as per the specification or
guidelines given by ARAI (Automotive Research Association
of India).

TPS (Throttle Position Sensor): It is waterproof sealed
Throttle position sensor having two outputs; one is used for
giving the signal to the control unit for starting the vehicle by
accelerator and other is used to change the fuel economical
graph i.e. speed vs. angles in degree (it is graph of speed vs.
the position of the spark in the piston block system to get the
maximum fuel efficiency, spark position is referred in terms of
degree considering piston-block top at zero degree and piston-
block bottom as 360 degree). The graph of speed vs. angle in
degree may refer as map or profile.
Starter motor and starter relay: it is used for starting the
vehicle and which is controlled by start switch and accelerator.
The dotted unit is nothing but micro-hybrid unit (Start-Stop).
CONTROL
CIRCUIT
TPSINPUT &
3mm
TPSINPUT
7mm
HALL EFFECT
SPEED SENSOR
ANALOG
INPUT 2
ANALOG
INPUT 1
STARTER RELAY
DRIVER CIRCUIT
2
EXCITER WAVE
SHAPING
NETWORK
PULSAR WAVE
SHAPING
NETWORK
IGNTIONCOIL
CONTROL
ELEMENT
VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
IGNITION
COIL
TILT SENSOR
BUZZER
DRIVER
CIRCUIT
STARTERRELAY
DRIVERCIRCUIT1
signal
conditioning
signal
conditioning
signal
conditioning
signal
conditioning
signal
conditioning
+B
BUZZER
VCC
OVERRIDE SWITCH
Exciter Coil
Kill switch
Power switch
+B
Rear brake
Frontbrake
STRTER RELAY
StarterSwitch
Relay Out
To Spark
Fig. 2 Start-Stop Controller Block Diagram
IV. TOOLS FOR THE SYSTEM
We used two techniques for the system
1) Optimization CDI curve i.e. optimum spark position
in the piston at various RPM:
Capacitor discharge ignition (CDI) or thyristor ignition
is a type of automotive electronic ignition system
which is widely used in outboard motors, motor cycles,
lawn mowers, chainsaws, small engines and some cars.
It was originally developed to overcome the long
charging times associated with high inductance coil
used in inductive discharge ignition (IDI) system,
making the ignition system more suitable for high
engine speed. The capacitive discharge ignition uses
capacitor discharge current output to fire spark plugs.
Universal Programmable CDI Tool Box: Universal
Programmable CDI Tool Box is efficient tool which
used for Mapping Firing Angle Profile for
Vehicle .Which is user friendly & having facility to
vary RPM & Angle also.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PROGRAMMABLE CDI:-
 User has to enter dimple upper limit(in terms of
degree) in software from
TDC (Top Dead Centre). The pick-up coil senses the
dimple edge at higher limit (in terms of degree) and
calculates the required angle and corresponding time
with respect to the upper limit of dimple which is
sensed by pick-up coil.
Fig. 3 Programmable CDI
In the diagram above, the pick-up coil senses the dimple
edge and calculates the angle which is required.
 The user can enter RPM (Revolutions per Minute)
and angle in software (total profile) and according to
that profile software will calculate the required angle
at each RPM and transfers it to the hardware.
Hardware will work according to that profile which is
entered earlier. User can change angle and RPM
online.
 The dimple limit which has to be sensed by pick-up
coil is entered by software. From this we can change
the angle which we require. We can change angle or
RPM in GUI (Graphical User Interface). User should
have to enter angle in the range otherwise it takes
higher limit default.
2) Micro hybrid Technology (START-STOP
CONTROL):

Fig. 4 Micro hybrid Technology
The above diagram is our proposed micro- hybrid unit. It
includes one of the basic ignition systems and the micro-
hybrid (start-stop system). The purpose of including ignition
system and microhybrid feature is to reduce the system cost as
both are interrelated.
Fig. 5 Ignition System blocks (AC-CDI) which used in the above Start –Stop
system.
Description of Block Diagram:
Exciter wave shaping network:-Ignition System blocks (AC-
CDI) which used in the above Start –Stop system.It has
rectifier inside which is capable to charge capacitor (ignition
control element) with 300V and applied to IGNITION coil
through SCR control element.
Voltage Regulator: Voltage regulator is capable of
withstanding high input voltage which is came from exciter
and generates voltage for microcontroller circuit.
Pulsar wave shaping network: This network is used to shape
the pulses which came from pulsar coil i.e. it converts to the
digital pulses and this is given to control circuit which will be
use for calculating RPM and reference for ignition delay.
TPS Input signal conditioning circuit:-TPS input is used to
change ignition timing profile from POT to WOT vice versa
for fuel economy. If there is problem or no TPS I/P then this
circuit has to work in basic profile.
Control circuits: - It takes the digital pulses O/P from pulsar
wave shaping circuit calculates RPM, generates ignition delay
according to the fuel economy profile. After elapsing
generated delay, it trigger SCR to discharge the capacitor
through primary coil of HT. HT generate 20Kv to 40Kv in its
secondary coil for spark plug and combustion in engine.
Throttle Position sensor having 2 outputs:
1) Above 7 mm it o/p is 5V otherwise it is 0V: used
to change ignition profile for fuel economy.
2) Above 3 mm it o/p is 5V otherwise it is 0V: used
to give the signal to the controller to start vehicle when
accelerator is accelerate.
Working:
This works as per the smart algorithm presented in the flow
chart. It checks all smart parameters which are designed
considering all the conditions of vehicle which are as follows.
1) It ensures that battery is charged then the system will work
by using smart time logic.
2) It checks whether battery is present or not.
3) It checks engine RPM are idling condition.
4) It checks wheels of vehicle in standstill condition.
5) It checks that the start cycle is completed successfully.
6) It checks for the system is enable or/ disable by user
through override switch
If the above conditions meets then it stop vehicle
automatically by alarming buzzer before 5 second, the driver
can disable the system by pressing override switch within 5
second if the drive does not like to stop this time.
There are many techniques to stop the ignition some
of them are as follows
1) By disabling SCR gate drive
2) By firing at exhaust stroke.
3) By enabling kill switch. Etc.
We have used the first technique.
V. FLOWCHART

VI. CONCLUSIONS
This system raises the alarm to the society to cut CO2
emission, save fuel and preserve the nature as well as solution
to the mentioned issues. This smart electronics system ensures
that the driver saves fuel, cuts CO2 emission and conserves the
nature without compromising to convenience. This system
automatically stops and restarts the vehicle whenever engine
spends time in idling at traffic jam or at traffic signal. The
driver does not require efforts to start and stop the vehicle and
need not compromise to
Convenience .This is very cost effective system useful in
two wheelers to save fuel, CO2 emission, nature and global
warming.
REFERENCES
[1]Development of a Micro-Hybrid System for a Three-Wheeled
Motor Tax
Eindhoven University of Technology,
Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
t.hofman@tue.nl
[2] http://www.carazoo.com/article/0311200802/Introduction-of-
Micro--Hybrid-Technology-in-India.
[3] http://www.sportdevices.com/ignition/ignition.htm
[4]http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/unit%204.pdf
[5 ] www.microchip.com
[6] Courtesy: Kinetic Communication Ltd (R&D Team).
[7] [Online] sciencedirect.com
[8] [Online] ieeexplore.ieee.org
[9] http://www.motorbeam.com/cars/mahindra-scorpio/mahindra-
scorpios-micro-hybrid-technology
AUTHORS:
Vijay N. Supe is an assistant manager of
Research and Development at Kinetic
communication ltd Pune, India. He received his
B.E. degree from University of Amravati in
2004. He is currently pursuing M.E in VLSI
and Embedded Systems from P.C.C.O.E, Pune
University. His research interests in automotive
fuel Economy.
Vaibhav P. Waghmare received his B.E. degree
from University of Pune in 2010. He is
currently pursuing M.E in VLSI and Embedded
Systems from P.C.C.O.E, Pune University.he is
working in embedded domain.
N.B.Chopade received M.Sc (Applied
Electronics) & M.E (Electronics) degrees from
SGB Amravati University, Amravati in the year
1992 & 1998 respectively. Scored third merit
position in Amravati University in the year
1992. His areas of research are Wavelet
applications, DSP, Image processing. He has
completed Ph.D from SGB Amravati
University; Amravati.He has joined SSGM
College of Engineering, Shegaon in 1992 and is currently working
as Head of department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering. In PCCOE, Pune He has 21 years of Teaching
Experience. He is a member of I E (INDIA), IETE, ISTE and BES
(INDIA).
He has presented several papers in National, International
Conferences /Seminars.
Sr. No Paramet
er
Input / Output
signal
Specification
1 Battery Input Should be greater than 12V(Battery used in 9AH VRLA)
2 Engine
RPM
Input <2400 rpm
3 Wheel
speed
Input Wheel speed should be zero
Sensor Type: Hub Mounted Wheel Speed Sensor
Pulse input: 8 pulses/rev
Time(min): 10msec
Duty cycle(min):100msec
Pull up vpltage:5V
Operating Current:10-15mA
4 Physical
battery
detection
Input One extra wire will be taken from the battery +ve.If the voltage
difference between the separate wire for battery detection and
regular supply wire is greater than 1V then vehicle should not stop
means normal vehicle operation.
5 Over ride
switch
Input ON-OFF type switch, operating voltage:12V
OFF Mode :Start-Stop mode :vehicle by start s/w OR Accelerator
ON Mode: Normal vehicle mode: vehicle staring by only start s/w
and not by Accelerator.
6 Starter
switch
Input Push type normal switch, operating voltage:12V
7 TPS Input Working Criteria :Initially 0-3mm:5-0-5 volt
3mm-8mm:0Volt
Above 8mm:5Volt
Operating voltage:9-18Volt
Operating temp: 30 c -80 c
Max.o/p current:8-10mA
8 Break
switch
Input Push pull type switch, operating voltage:12V
9 Tilt sensor Input Consider this input in the logic it is not currently used but as a
running change.
Gradient Angle :> 7, operating voltage: 12V, single axis, Bi-
directional.
10 Buzzer Output Same as Rodeo-Rz vehicle
Type: continuous On type, input voltage: 12V.
Max.current:20mAmp
Diaphram :peizo ceramic
11 Starter
Relay
Output Type: solenoid type
load capacity:100A
Operating voltage:12volt
Coil current: 3.4 Amp.
12 TIME
Based
STOP
Logic
Input
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