PREPARATION AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PALM SHELL
1 like275 views
The document discusses the preparation and structural properties of bio-char produced from palm shell through pyrolysis at varying temperatures (600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C). It highlights the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the material's crystalline and morphological characteristics, respectively. The results indicate that bio-char possesses high pH and hydration capacity, suggesting its potential use in enhancing soil quality.
![International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 72-74
72 | P a g e
PREPARATION AND STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES OF PALM SHELL
Than Than Win1, Thida Win2, Yin Myo Su Naing3, Yin Maung Maung4, Ko Ko Kyaw Soe5
1, 2, 3, 4
Department of Physics, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
5
Department of Physics, Meiktila University, Meiktila, Myanmar
1
thannthannwinn@gmail.com, 2
drthidawin18@gmail.com, 3
yin77@mail.ur,
4
dryinmgmg@gmail.com, 5
dr.kokokyawsoe@gmail.com
Abstract— Bio-char can be produced by thermal conversion of
biomass. Palm shells were obtained from palm fruits (palmira).
They were air-dried to remove moisture. The dried palm shells
were ground to become powder and heated at 600ºC, 800ºC and
1000ºC for 2 h respectively. After heating, bio-char was obtained.
Structural properties of palm shell powder and bio-char were
examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructure of bio-
char. Properties such as hydration capacity, pH were also
evaluated.
Index Terms— Biochar, XRD, SEM, Hydration capacity, pH.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, researches all over the world are focusing the ways
of utilizing industrial wastes. This utilization may be
economical and may also be result in environmental pollution
control [1-2].
Bio-char is the carbon-rich product obtained when plant
biomass (agricultural waste) or animal biomass is subjected to
heat treatment in an oxygen limited environment and is applied
to soil as an amendment[3]. Bio-char is a relatively new term,
yet it is not new substance. Through the forest and grass land
fires, bio-char is deposited in the soil [4]. The properties of bio-
char depend on biomass feedstock type, pyrolysis condition
and duration of charring. Bio-char is also the most important by
product of the pyrolytic process. It can be used as adsorbent for
waste water treatment and other application [5]. Pyrolysis is
the process of heating a biomass feedstock rapidly in the
absence of oxygen, and then quickly condensing the resultant
vapors into bio-oil, the desired product [6]. Bio-char can
significantly improve soil physical quality bulk density water
holding capacity. Due to differences in production, bio-chars
do not possess similar properties even when derived from the
same feedstock [7]. The solid bio-char can be used as a fuel in
form of briquettes or as a char-oil, char-water slurry.
Alternatively the bio--char can be upgraded to activated carbon
and used in purification processes [8]. Palm shell can be used
as the raw material for the preparation of activated carbon.
They were produced by treating organic precursors at high
temperature. This removes volatile components such as water,
leaving void spaces which form the characteristics porous
structure. Oil palm shell with particle size of 0.5 to 1.5 mm was
treated with ZnCl2 solution and pyrolyzed in two stages [9].
Activated carbons are some of the most widespread agent for
the treatment and purification of water. They have high
porosity [10]. Palm shell is a kind of agriculture waste and it is
most available in many parts, in middle Myanmar. The
objective of this work was to prepare and study characterization
of bio-char from palm shell (Borassas Flabellifer L)
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Palm fruits were collected from Taungoo. The fruits were
washed with fresh water to remove impurities such as dust.
The shells are cut into small pieces. These shells were air-
dried about one week. The dried shells were cut into smaller
pieces. The palm shells obtained were ground and some were
pyrolyzed in muffle furnace. The heating conditions used are
600ºC, 800ºC and 1000ºC for 2 h respectively. The shell
powder and char are taken. XRD was used to detect whether
the sample powder and bio-char were crystalline phase or
amorphous structure. SEM was used to examine the
morphology of the samples.
Five grams of bio-char was dispersed in fifty grams of
distilled water with stirring. The mixture is boiled and then
cooled down. The pH value is determined by meter. 5 g (wd)
quantities of bio-char at different temperatures were placed in
25ml capacity beakers respectively and 20 ml of distilled
water was then added to each. The content was stirred with a
glass stirring rod and the dispersions were allowed to stand for
24 hours. The excess water was water was removed by
decanting and upturning. The weight of hydrated bio-char (wh)
was determined.
Fig.1. Block diagram for experimental procedure of palm
shell biochar.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. XRD Analysis
The palm shell powder and bio-char were analyzed by
XRD technique. The XRD spectra of palm shell powder and
palm shell bio-char at 600 ºC, 800 ºC and 1000 ºC for 2h were
shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3(a–c). From Fig.2, three diffracted
peaks were observed. They were not perfectly identified. It
could be said that palm shell powder was amorphous material
with little crystalline. From Fig. 3(a), it was found that three
diffracted peaks were formed and they were matched with the
peaks of KCl. From Fig.3(b),the observed peaks were matched
with the KCl peaks. From Fig.3(c), it was observed that four
diffracted peaks were formed. Also, these peaks were matched
with KCl peaks.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijtra150110-151029053259-lva1-app6891/85/PREPARATION-AND-STRUCTURAL-PROPERTIES-OF-PALM-SHELL-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 72-74
74 | P a g e
Fig.5(b). SEM image of palm shell bio-char at 800 ºC for 2 h
Fig.5(c). SEM image of palm shell bio-char at 1000 ºC for 2 h
D. Bio Char Yield
TABLE V. HYDRATION CAPACITY OF BIOCHAR
x 100 (%)
Where wh = hydrated mass
wd = dried mass
Temperature %Hydration
600o
C 220
800o
C 150
1000o
C 133
TABLE VI. PH OF BIOCHAR
Temperature PH
600 11.9
800 12
1000 12.2
IV. CONCLUSION
The XRD spectra and SEM images of palm shell powder
and bio-char were studied. As a result of XRD, the palm shell
powder and bio-char at different temperatures (600 ºC, 800 ºC
and 1000 ºC) were matched with KCl. From SEM images,
Palm-shell bio-char could be said that it has porous nature. It
can be said that bio-char has water retention ability. Bio-char
yield decreases as the heating temperature increases. Bio-char
has pH value of 12 and can be used to reduce soil acidity.
Hydration capacity is average of 170. The conditions for
producing bio-char with useful properties and bio-char
application will be studied further.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was totally done at Department of Physics,
University of Yangon in Myanmar (2013-2014).
REFERENCES
[1] P. B. Madakson, D. S. Yaws and A. Apasi,“Characterization of
coconut shell ash for potential utilization in metal metric
composites for automotive application,” International Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology, Vol.4,No. 03, March 2012
[2] V. S. Aigbodion, S. B. Hassan, T. Ause and G. B.
Nyior,“Potential utilization of solid waste (bagass ash),” Journal
of Mineral & Material Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9,
no.1, pp.67-77
[3] J. Lehmann and S. Joseph,“Biochar for Environmental
management,” Science and Technology, Earthscan: London,
UK, 2009
[4] J. Hunt, M. Duponte, D. Sato and A. Kawabato, “The basic of
bio-char: a natural soil amendment,” in Soil and Crop
Management, SCM.30, December 2010
[5] A. Arami-Niya, F.Abnisa, M. S. Shafeeyan, W. M. A. Wan
Daud and J. N. Sahu “Optimization of synthesis and
characterization of palm shell-based bio char as a by- product of
bio-oil production process’’BioResources 7(1), pp.246-
264,2012.
[6] R. K. Dumroese, J. Heiskanen, K. Englund and A. Tervahauta,
“Pelleted biochar: chemical and physical properties show
potential use as a substrate in container nurseries,” Biomass and
Energy 35 (2011) pp. 2018-2027
[7] A. Mukherjee and R. Lal, “Biochar impacts on soil physicl
properties and greenhouse gas emissions,” Agronomy 2013, 3,
pp. 313-339; doi: 10, 3390/ agronomy 3020313
[8] M. A. Sukiran, L. S. Kheang, N. A. Bakar and C. Yuen May,
“Production and characterization of biochar from the pyrolysis
of empty fruit bunches,” Amerian Journal of Applied Science
8(10): pp. 984-988, 2011, ISSN 1546-9239
[9] Allwar, A. B. M. Noor and M. A. B. Mohd Nawi, “Texturvateal
characteristics of activated carbon prepared from oil palm shells
activated with ZnCl2 pyrolysis under nitrogen and carbon
dioxide,” Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 19(2), pp. 93-104,
2008.
[10] C. J. Ewansiha, L. O. Ekebafe, C. Ehigie, P. P. Ezomosogie and
O. E. Jatto, “Treatment of palm oil mill efflut using modified
powdered cherry (Chrysophyllum albidium) seed shell carbon,”
International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Vol. 2. No.
3. 2013. pp. 94-97](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijtra150110-151029053259-lva1-app6891/85/PREPARATION-AND-STRUCTURAL-PROPERTIES-OF-PALM-SHELL-3-320.jpg)
PREPARATION AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PALM SHELL
- 1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 72-74 72 | P a g e PREPARATION AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PALM SHELL Than Than Win1, Thida Win2, Yin Myo Su Naing3, Yin Maung Maung4, Ko Ko Kyaw Soe5 1, 2, 3, 4 Department of Physics, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar 5 Department of Physics, Meiktila University, Meiktila, Myanmar 1 thannthannwinn@gmail.com, 2 drthidawin18@gmail.com, 3 yin77@mail.ur, 4 dryinmgmg@gmail.com, 5 dr.kokokyawsoe@gmail.com Abstract— Bio-char can be produced by thermal conversion of biomass. Palm shells were obtained from palm fruits (palmira). They were air-dried to remove moisture. The dried palm shells were ground to become powder and heated at 600ºC, 800ºC and 1000ºC for 2 h respectively. After heating, bio-char was obtained. Structural properties of palm shell powder and bio-char were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructure of bio- char. Properties such as hydration capacity, pH were also evaluated. Index Terms— Biochar, XRD, SEM, Hydration capacity, pH. I. INTRODUCTION Today, researches all over the world are focusing the ways of utilizing industrial wastes. This utilization may be economical and may also be result in environmental pollution control [1-2]. Bio-char is the carbon-rich product obtained when plant biomass (agricultural waste) or animal biomass is subjected to heat treatment in an oxygen limited environment and is applied to soil as an amendment[3]. Bio-char is a relatively new term, yet it is not new substance. Through the forest and grass land fires, bio-char is deposited in the soil [4]. The properties of bio- char depend on biomass feedstock type, pyrolysis condition and duration of charring. Bio-char is also the most important by product of the pyrolytic process. It can be used as adsorbent for waste water treatment and other application [5]. Pyrolysis is the process of heating a biomass feedstock rapidly in the absence of oxygen, and then quickly condensing the resultant vapors into bio-oil, the desired product [6]. Bio-char can significantly improve soil physical quality bulk density water holding capacity. Due to differences in production, bio-chars do not possess similar properties even when derived from the same feedstock [7]. The solid bio-char can be used as a fuel in form of briquettes or as a char-oil, char-water slurry. Alternatively the bio--char can be upgraded to activated carbon and used in purification processes [8]. Palm shell can be used as the raw material for the preparation of activated carbon. They were produced by treating organic precursors at high temperature. This removes volatile components such as water, leaving void spaces which form the characteristics porous structure. Oil palm shell with particle size of 0.5 to 1.5 mm was treated with ZnCl2 solution and pyrolyzed in two stages [9]. Activated carbons are some of the most widespread agent for the treatment and purification of water. They have high porosity [10]. Palm shell is a kind of agriculture waste and it is most available in many parts, in middle Myanmar. The objective of this work was to prepare and study characterization of bio-char from palm shell (Borassas Flabellifer L) II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Palm fruits were collected from Taungoo. The fruits were washed with fresh water to remove impurities such as dust. The shells are cut into small pieces. These shells were air- dried about one week. The dried shells were cut into smaller pieces. The palm shells obtained were ground and some were pyrolyzed in muffle furnace. The heating conditions used are 600ºC, 800ºC and 1000ºC for 2 h respectively. The shell powder and char are taken. XRD was used to detect whether the sample powder and bio-char were crystalline phase or amorphous structure. SEM was used to examine the morphology of the samples. Five grams of bio-char was dispersed in fifty grams of distilled water with stirring. The mixture is boiled and then cooled down. The pH value is determined by meter. 5 g (wd) quantities of bio-char at different temperatures were placed in 25ml capacity beakers respectively and 20 ml of distilled water was then added to each. The content was stirred with a glass stirring rod and the dispersions were allowed to stand for 24 hours. The excess water was water was removed by decanting and upturning. The weight of hydrated bio-char (wh) was determined. Fig.1. Block diagram for experimental procedure of palm shell biochar. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. XRD Analysis The palm shell powder and bio-char were analyzed by XRD technique. The XRD spectra of palm shell powder and palm shell bio-char at 600 ºC, 800 ºC and 1000 ºC for 2h were shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3(a–c). From Fig.2, three diffracted peaks were observed. They were not perfectly identified. It could be said that palm shell powder was amorphous material with little crystalline. From Fig. 3(a), it was found that three diffracted peaks were formed and they were matched with the peaks of KCl. From Fig.3(b),the observed peaks were matched with the KCl peaks. From Fig.3(c), it was observed that four diffracted peaks were formed. Also, these peaks were matched with KCl peaks.
- 2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 72-74 73 | P a g e Fig.2. The XRD pattern of palm shell powder Fig.3(a). The XRD pattern of palm shell bio-char at 600 ºC for 2h Fig.3(b). The XRD pattern of palm shell bio-char at 800 ºC for 2h Fig.3(c). The XRD pattern of palm shell bio-char at 1000 ºC for 2h B. Structural Properties of Palm Shell Powder and Bio-char TABLE I. RAW PALM SHELL POWDER TABLE II. PALM SHELL BIO-CHAR (600O C ) FOR 2H TABLE III. PALM SHELL BIO-CHAR (800O C) FOR 2H TABLE IV. PALM SHELL BIO-CHAR (600O C ) FOR 2H C. SEM Analysis Scanning electron micrographs for external morphology of palm shell powder and palm shell bio-char at temperatures 600ºC, 800ºC and 1000ºC for 2h were shown in Fig 4 and Fig.5(a-c). From Fig.4, the porous nature had not observed in the native palm shell. From Fig. 5(a), it was found that the palm shell bio-char had porous nature with microporous structure. From Fig.5(b), the bio-char has porous nature and it was found distributed uniformly. From Fig.5(c), the pore sizes were found to be smaller, the grains were smaller and uniformly distributed. Fig.4. SEM image of raw palm shell powder Fig.5(a). SEM image of palm shell bio-char at 600 ºC
- 3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com Volume 3, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb 2015), PP. 72-74 74 | P a g e Fig.5(b). SEM image of palm shell bio-char at 800 ºC for 2 h Fig.5(c). SEM image of palm shell bio-char at 1000 ºC for 2 h D. Bio Char Yield TABLE V. HYDRATION CAPACITY OF BIOCHAR x 100 (%) Where wh = hydrated mass wd = dried mass Temperature %Hydration 600o C 220 800o C 150 1000o C 133 TABLE VI. PH OF BIOCHAR Temperature PH 600 11.9 800 12 1000 12.2 IV. CONCLUSION The XRD spectra and SEM images of palm shell powder and bio-char were studied. As a result of XRD, the palm shell powder and bio-char at different temperatures (600 ºC, 800 ºC and 1000 ºC) were matched with KCl. From SEM images, Palm-shell bio-char could be said that it has porous nature. It can be said that bio-char has water retention ability. Bio-char yield decreases as the heating temperature increases. Bio-char has pH value of 12 and can be used to reduce soil acidity. Hydration capacity is average of 170. The conditions for producing bio-char with useful properties and bio-char application will be studied further. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was totally done at Department of Physics, University of Yangon in Myanmar (2013-2014). REFERENCES [1] P. B. Madakson, D. S. Yaws and A. Apasi,“Characterization of coconut shell ash for potential utilization in metal metric composites for automotive application,” International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol.4,No. 03, March 2012 [2] V. S. Aigbodion, S. B. Hassan, T. Ause and G. B. Nyior,“Potential utilization of solid waste (bagass ash),” Journal of Mineral & Material Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, no.1, pp.67-77 [3] J. Lehmann and S. Joseph,“Biochar for Environmental management,” Science and Technology, Earthscan: London, UK, 2009 [4] J. Hunt, M. Duponte, D. Sato and A. Kawabato, “The basic of bio-char: a natural soil amendment,” in Soil and Crop Management, SCM.30, December 2010 [5] A. Arami-Niya, F.Abnisa, M. S. Shafeeyan, W. M. A. Wan Daud and J. N. Sahu “Optimization of synthesis and characterization of palm shell-based bio char as a by- product of bio-oil production process’’BioResources 7(1), pp.246- 264,2012. [6] R. K. Dumroese, J. Heiskanen, K. Englund and A. Tervahauta, “Pelleted biochar: chemical and physical properties show potential use as a substrate in container nurseries,” Biomass and Energy 35 (2011) pp. 2018-2027 [7] A. Mukherjee and R. Lal, “Biochar impacts on soil physicl properties and greenhouse gas emissions,” Agronomy 2013, 3, pp. 313-339; doi: 10, 3390/ agronomy 3020313 [8] M. A. Sukiran, L. S. Kheang, N. A. Bakar and C. Yuen May, “Production and characterization of biochar from the pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches,” Amerian Journal of Applied Science 8(10): pp. 984-988, 2011, ISSN 1546-9239 [9] Allwar, A. B. M. Noor and M. A. B. Mohd Nawi, “Texturvateal characteristics of activated carbon prepared from oil palm shells activated with ZnCl2 pyrolysis under nitrogen and carbon dioxide,” Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 19(2), pp. 93-104, 2008. [10] C. J. Ewansiha, L. O. Ekebafe, C. Ehigie, P. P. Ezomosogie and O. E. Jatto, “Treatment of palm oil mill efflut using modified powdered cherry (Chrysophyllum albidium) seed shell carbon,” International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Vol. 2. No. 3. 2013. pp. 94-97