02 cpu final
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The CPU controls the flow of data and instructions in a computer system. It has two main components - the control unit which directs the execution of instructions, and the ALU which performs arithmetic and logical operations. The CPU uses registers for temporary storage and RAM for main memory. It fetches instructions from memory one at a time and executes them, performing operations on data as directed.
02 cpu final
- 2. The CPU
- 3. The CPU Converts data into information Control center Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions Two parts Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- 4. Control Unit CU Part of the hardware that is in-charge Directs the computer system to execute stored program instructions Communicates with other parts of the hardware
- 6. Logical Operations Evaluates conditions Makes comparisons Can compare Numbers Letters Special characters
- 7. Registers Special-purpose High-speed Temporary storage Located inside CPU Instruction register Holds instruction currently being executed Data register Holds data waiting to be processed Holds results from processing
- 8. Types of Storage Secondary Data that will eventually be used Long-term Memory Data that will be used in the near future Temporary Faster access than storage Registers Data immediately related to the operation being executed Faster access than memory
- 9. Measuring Storage Capacity KB – kilobyte • 1024 bytes • Some diskettes • Cache memory MB – megabyte • Million bytes • RAM GB – gigabyte • Billion bytes • Hard disks • CDs and DVDs TB – terabytes • Trillion bytes • Large hard disks
- 10. Memory Many Names Primary storage Primary memory Main storage Internal storage Main memory
- 11. Main Types of Memory RAM Random Access Memory ROM Read Only Memory
- 12. RAM Requires current to retain values Volatile Data and instructions can be read and modified Users typically refer to this type of memory
- 13. What’s in RAM? Operating System Program currently running Data needed by the program Intermediate results waiting to be output
- 14. ROM Non-volatile Instructions for booting the computer Data and instructions can be read, but not modified Instructions are typically recorded at factory
- 15. Executing Programs CU gets an instruction and places it in memory CU decodes the instruction CU notifies the appropriate part of hardware to take action Control is transferred to the appropriate part of hardware Task is performed Control is returned to the CU
- 16. Machine Cycle I-time CU fetches an instruction from memory and puts it into a register CU decodes the instruction and determines the memory location of the data required
- 17. Machine Cycle E-time Execution CU moves the data from memory to registers in the ALU ALU is given control and executes the instruction Control returns to the CU CU stores the result of the operation in memory or in a register
- 18. System Clock System clock produces pulses at a fixed rate Each pulse is one Machine Cycle One program instruction may actually be several instructions to the CPU Each CPU instruction will take one pulse CPU has an instruction set – instructions that it can understand and process
- 19. Finding Data in Memory Each location in memory has a unique address Address never changes Contents may change Memory location can hold one instruction or piece of data Programmers use symbolic names
- 20. Data Representation On/Off Binary number system is used to represent the state of the circuit
- 21. Bits, Bytes, Words BIT Binary DigIT On/off circuit 1 or 0 BYTE 8 bits Store one alphanumeric character WORD Size of the register Number of BITS that the CPU processes as a unit