1. basic definition & concepts of computer
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The document provides an overview of the history, development, and types of computers, starting from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern computers designed with artificial intelligence. It outlines five generations of computing technology, highlighting key advancements such as transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. Additionally, it categorizes computers into analog, digital, and hybrid types based on the nature of the data they process.
1. basic definition & concepts of computer
- 1. Introduction to Information and Communication Technology BY NAJEEB SAFI 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 1 NAJEEB SAFI
- 2. NAJEEB SAFI Basic Concept For thousand of years, mathematicians, scientists and businessmen have searched for computing machines that could perform calculations quickly and efficiently. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 2
- 3. NAJEEB SAFI Abacus • The first thing used to express numbers was the “Abacus” • It was developed 5000 years ago in “Babylonia” (Currently Iraq) • It was built out of wood and beads. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 3
- 4. NAJEEB SAFI Napier’s Bone • In the early 1600 a mathematician invented a calculating rods, called “Napier’s Bone”. • This device allowed quick and accurate multiplication of large numbers. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 4
- 5. NAJEEB SAFI Pascaline • Pascaline was developed by “Blaise Pascal” in about 1642. • This machine could add and subtract multiplication of large numbers. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 5
- 6. NAJEEB SAFI Difference Engine • The man who conceived of the computer was the British inventor “Charles Babbage”. He is considered the father of modern digital computer. • He invented “Difference Engine” for mathematical calculations. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 6
- 7. NAJEEB SAFI Analytical Engine • In 1823, Babbage planned to complete another calculating machine “Analytical Engine”, but he failed, because technology of that time was not so high. But he succeeded in establishing the basic principles on which the modern computers are constructed. • It would be able to perform any calculation set before it. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 7
- 8. NAJEEB SAFI Computer Definition • Computer is an electronic device which store data and process data in binary format. • Computer deal every instruction in the form of current presence (1) and current absence (0) • Computer word is derived from Latin “Computare” which means to compute, to calculate to process. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 8
- 9. NAJEEB SAFI History & Generation of Computers • Computer generation refers to the advancements of computer technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation. • As a result the efficiency, speed, power, and memory of computers have increased. • The history of computers is divided into five generations. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 9
- 10. NAJEEB SAFI The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Era) • Vacuum tubes were used in the first generation computers. • They were slow, huge, expensive, and unreliable • It took up a lot of space and produced a lot of heat. • One of the common example of first generation computer is ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer) that use thousands of vacuum tubes. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 10
- 11. NAJEEB SAFI The Second Generation: 1959-1964 (The Transistor Era) • Transistor replaced vacuum tubes and were used in the second generation computers. • Transistor are composed of semiconductor material and was invented at Bell Labs. • Transistor was fast, reliable, smaller and much cheaper to built than a vacuum tube. • One transistor replaced about 40 vacuum tubes. • Second generation computers moved from machine language to assembly languages. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 11
- 12. NAJEEB SAFI The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated Circuits) • The development of Integrated Circuits are the identification of third generation computers. • IC placed on silicon chips, called semiconductor and increase the speed and efficiency of computer system. • The invention of IC reduced the both the size and cost of the computer system. • The third generation computer could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 12
- 13. NAJEEB SAFI The Fourth Generation: 1971 - Today (The Microprocessor) • The 4th generation can be characterized by both, the integrated circuits, and the invention of microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing of a full- scale computer). • Millions of transistors are placed in single chip, move calculations and faster speed could be achieved by computer. • It led to the invention of personal computers or microcomputers. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 13
- 14. NAJEEB SAFI The Fifth Generation: Present & Beyond (The Microprocessor) • The 5th generation computers are based on artificial intelligence and are still in development phase. • Robots and such other intelligent systems are major developments of this generation. • The main objective of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 14
- 15. NAJEEB SAFI Types Of Computers Computers are categorized in deferent categories according to their nature of the information or data provided to the system. These types of computers are listed below. Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 15
- 16. NAJEEB SAFI Analog Computer • Analog computers are used to process and represent continuous data. • Analog data includes temperature, pressure, voltage and weight etc. • These computers/devices use an analog quantities and produces analog values as output. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 16
- 17. NAJEEB SAFI Digital Computer • Digital computers are used to process discrete data. • These computers basically works with numbers. These numbers are used to perform mathematic calculations and also make logical decisions to reach a conclusion. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 17
- 18. NAJEEB SAFI Hybrid Computer • Hybrid computer is a combination of analog and digital technologies. • Hybrid system provide good precision that can be attained with analog computers. • Hybrid system provide greater control that is possible with digital computers. • Hybrid computer has the ability to accept input data in either form. 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 18
- 19. NAJEEB SAFI 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 19 NAJEEB SAFI 4/19/2021 CONTACT: studysmart735@gmail.com 19 THANK YOU