15CS81 Module1 IoT

Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Prof. Ganesh V. Awati
Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi
Email: ganeshawati24@gmail.com
JCE e CONNECT

MODULE- 1
 Drivers Behind New Network Architectures
 Comparing IoT Architectures
 A Simplified IoT Architecture
 The Core IoT Functional Stack
 IoT Data Management and Compute Stack

Drivers Behind New Network Architectures
• The key difference between IT and IoT is the Data.
• IT systems are mostly concerned with reliable and continuous support of
business application such as email, web, database, CRM systems and so on.
• IoT is all about the data generated by sensors and how that data is used.
• The essence of IoT architectures involve how data is transported, collected,
analyzed and acted upon.

 IoT Architectural Drivers

Comparing IoT Architectures
The oneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture
 The goal of oneM2M is to create a common services layer, which can be readily
embedded in field devices to allow communication with application servers.
 oneM2M’s framework focuses on IoT services, applications, and platforms.
These include smart metering applications, smart grid, smart city automation,
e-health, and connected vehicles.
 One of the greatest challenges in designing an IoT architecture is dealing with
the heterogeneity of devices, software, and access methods.

The IoTWorld Forum (IoTWF) Standardized Architecture
 In 2014 the IoTWF architectural committee (led by Cisco, IBM, Rockwell
Automation, and others) published a seven-layer IoT architectural reference
model.
 IoT World Forum model offers a clean, simplified perspective on IoT and
includes edge computing, data storage, and access. It provides a clear way of
visualizing IoT from a technical perspective.
 Each of the seven layers is broken down into specific functions, and security
encompasses the entire model.

A Simplified IoT Architecture
 All reference models, they each approach IoT from a layered perspective,
allowing development of technology and standards somewhat independently at
each level or domain.
 The commonality between these frameworks is that they all recognize the
interconnection of the IoT endpoint devices to a network that transports the
data where it is ultimately used by applications, whether at the data center, in
the cloud, or at various management points throughout the stack.

The Core IoT Functional Stack
 IoT networks are built around the concept of “things,” or smart objects
performing functions and delivering new connected services.
 These objects are “smart” because they use a combination of contextual
information and configured goals to perform actions.
 These actions can be self-contained (that is, the smart object does not rely on
external systems for its actions); however, in most cases, the “thing” interacts
with an external system to report information that the smart object collects, to
exchange with other objects, or to interact with a management platform.
 From an architectural standpoint, several components have to work together for
an IoT network to be operational:

 “Things” layer: At this layer, the physical devices need to fit the constraints of
the environment in which they are deployed while still being able to provide the
information needed.
 Communications network layer: When smart objects are not self
contained, they need to communicate with an external system. In many cases,
this communication uses a wireless technology.This layer has four sublayers:
Access network sublayer: The last mile of the IoT network is the access network.
This is typically made up of wireless technologies such as 802.11ah, 802.15.4g,
and LoRa.The sensors connected to the access network may also be wired.

Gateways and backhaul network sublayer: A common communication system organizes
multiple smart objects in a given area around a common gateway.
The gateway communicates directly with the smart objects. The role of the gateway is to
forward the collected information through a longer-range medium (called the backhaul)
to a head end central station where the information is processed.
This information exchange is a Layer 7 (application) function, which is the reason this
object is called a gateway. On IP networks, this gateway also forwards packets from one
IP network to another, and it therefore acts as a router.

Network transport sublayer: For communication to be successful, network and
transport layer protocols such as IP and UDP must be implemented to support
the variety of devices to connect and media to use.
IoT network management sublayer:Additional protocols must be in place to allow
the head end applications to exchange data with the sensors. Examples include
CoAP and MQTT.

 Application and analytics layer: At the upper layer, an
application needs to process the collected data, not only to control
the smart objects when necessary, but to make intelligent decision
based on the information collected and, in turn, instruct the
“things” or other systems to adapt to the analyzed conditions and
change their behaviors or parameters.

IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
Fog Computing
 The solution to the challenges in IoT is to distribute data management
throughout the IoT system, as close to the edge of the IP network as possible.
 The best-known embodiment of edge services in IoT is fog computing. Any
device with computing, storage, and network connectivity can be a fog node.
 Examples include industrial controllers, switches, routers, embedded servers,
and IoT gateways. Analyzing IoT data close to where it is collected minimizes
latency, offloads gigabytes of network traffic from the core network, and keeps
sensitive data inside the local network.

 An advantage of this structure is that the fog node allows
intelligence gathering (such as analytics) and control from the
closest possible point, and in doing so, it allows better
performance over constrained networks.
 This introduces a new layer to the traditional IT computing
model, one that is often referred to as the “fog layer.”

 Fog services are typically accomplished very close to the edge device, sitting as
close to the IoT endpoints as possible. One significant advantage of this is that
the fog node has contextual awareness of the sensors it is managing because of
its geographic proximity to those sensors.
 Because the fog node is able to analyze information from all the sensors on that
derrick, it can provide contextual analysis of the messages it is receiving and
may decide to send back only the relevant information over the backhaul
network to the cloud.

 In this way, it is performing distributed analytics such that the volume of data
sent upstream is greatly reduced and is much more useful to application and
analytics servers residing in the cloud.
 IoT fog computing enables data to be preprocessed and correlated with other
inputs to produce relevant information.
 This data can then be used as real time, actionable knowledge by IoT-enabled
applications.
 Longer term, this data can be used to gain a deeper understanding of network
behavior and systems for the purpose of developing proactive policies,
processes, and responses.

Questions
 List and explain the requirements driving specific architectural changes
for IoT.
 Explain core IoT functional stack.
 With neat diagram explain IoTWorld Forum Standardized Architecture.
 With neat diagram explain oneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture.
 Write a short note on IoT Data Management and Compute Stack with
Fog Computing.

THANKYOU

15CS81 Module1 IoT

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15CS81 Module1 IoT