1.introduction to reseach methodology
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This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines research as the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer questions or solve problems. The document then discusses the importance of research in advancing knowledge and development, particularly in the medical field. It outlines four key benefits of research: guiding action, developing new tools, multiplying benefits through more efficient use of resources, and contributing to the development process. The document also describes the key characteristics and purposes of research, and explains the typical stages involved in the research process, including identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, conducting research design and measurement, collecting and analyzing data, and generating conclusions.
1.introduction to reseach methodology
- 1. Introduction to Research Methodology Today’s Sessions Cover: Definition Benefits/Importance of Research in Medicine or Health Characteristics and Purposes of Research The Research Process
- 2. Introduction to Research Methodology What is Research? Research is a systematic collection, analysis, interpretation of data to answer a certain question or to solve a problem. In short, it is a systematic process for generating new knowledge.
- 3. Introduction to Research Why research? Research is a systematic process for generating new knowledge. •Knowledge is power and research is essential for advancing development- In medical field, research is necessary for health and development.
- 4. Research Four possible reasons are considered: 1. Action and Research: Research is essential for guiding action- Action without tools and intelligence can be ineffective and wasteful of resources. Appropriate research can inform and accelerate the efficiency and effectiveness of action for health. Research generates information and understanding that enable individuals, families and communities to achieve better health.
- 5. Research 2. Developing new tools: extraordinarily powerful tools against diseases have been developed. Such examples are: - vaccines to prevent disease, pesticides to control disease vectors, drugs to treat diseases. Research is not only for biomedical advances-but also for understanding of disease causation, health behaviour, economics and management of health systems.
- 6. Research •All societies have health problems for which new tools are needed- examples, malaria, AIDS need further search in biology and epidemiology. •Modern science offers opportunities for advances that can be exploited only through research- •Molecular biology, genetics and immunology provide better understanding for mechanisms of disease and generating new technologies. •A range of new vaccines, drugs and diagnostics against major health problems can be developed based on modern biology.
- 7. Research 3. Multiplying benefits: Critical reason for medical or health research is to provide basis for effective planning and wise use of scarce resources. Research has demonstrated to be a productive investment through cost-effectiveness. Flow of benefits is customarily considered as emerging from advanced laboratories in industrialized countries, and research advances in developing countries.
- 8. Research Multiplying benefits (cont.): For example: lower-cost ambulatory treatment of tuberculosis, or development of oral rehydration for diarrhoea, both developed in Asia. Research can reduce costs- because new strategies can be achieved more with fewer resources-thus target limited resources to save more lives. For example- new and powerful strategy, such as using trained community health workers, backed by few fully trained health professionals to extend PHC care to rural communities.
- 9. Research Multiplying benefits (cont.): Management research can improve the efficiency of health systems, through evaluation strategies, producing greater results for the same cost. Research can reveal better ways to finance the recurrent costs of health systems by applying cost analysis methods of application. Research can further find more efficient ways to deploy resources, such as identification of risk groups for resource allocation.
- 10. Research 4. Research and development Process: Critical parts of development process encompasses: a) A better understanding of research b) a growing capacity to conduct research c) an increasing number of research experts/leaders Research informs the attitudes with which people think about themselves and their world/ environments.
- 11. Research and Deve. Process (cont.): Research fosters a scientific problem-solving culture, i.e without research, a society’s capacity to address problems, old and new, is diminished. Research is necessary to anticipate problems, because in the complex systems that affect health, common sense can be misleading- for example: -Taking into consideration that ‘food cures hunger,’food aid can weaken price incentives to local farmers, undermines local agricultural production increase vulnerable to hunger. -Insecticides kills pests, but massive use affects health of human population.
- 12. Research Research and development: Scientists as citizens perform a societal role beyond technology generation. Individuals successfully engaged in research can contribute to high standards of creativity, independence, and commitments to truth- All these values are part of social and human development.
- 13. Research In summary: Research is a system involving people, institutions, and processes. Its pursuit depends on systematic analyses, creativity, and exploration. Results from research traverse many channels to find their ultimate use. Social benefits of research, in turn, help to stimulate an effective demand for research
- 14. Research Research and its demand and use are depended upon the underlying intellectual and organisational capacity of a society. Research policy deals with research processes, the application of findings, research capacity and the decision making processes determining what research is done and how it is supported.
- 15. Research Figure: The Research System: Research Financial support for Promote Guides research inform basic Demand for research policy public knowledge and action Public support for research Health improvement
- 16. Research What are Characteristics of Research? First, it demands a clear statement of the problem. Second, it requires a plan, i.e a research proposal development. Thirdly,it builds on existing data, using both positive and negative findings, and fourthly, new data should be collected as required and be organised in such a way that they answer the original research question or questions.
- 17. Research: Research Purposes: Research serves two major purposes in acceleration of advances in health: 1. Basic Research- is necessary to generate new knowledge and technologies to deal with major unresolved health or medical problems. 2. Applied Research- to identify priority problems, design and evaluate policies and programmes that will deliver the greatest health benefit by making optimal use of available resources. Example of such is HSR.
- 18. Research The Research Process: Scientific knowledge is knowledge provable by both reason and experience (observation)- no speculations, but intelligent guess. Research process- is the overall scheme of scientific activities in which scientists engage in order to produce knowledge- it is the paradigm of scientific inquiry. It consists of seven principal stages: problem, hypothesis, research design, measurement, data collection and generalisation.
- 19. Research The Research Process: It is the principal stage of research methodology of scientific inquiry and discipline. Each of these stages is interrelated with theory in the sense that it is affected by it as well as affects it. The most characteristic feature of the research process is the cyclic nature.
- 20. Introduction to Research The Research Process: It usually starts with a problem and ends in a tentative empirical generalisation. The generalisation ending one cycle is the beginning of the next cycle. This cyclic process continues indefinitely-reflecting the progress of a scientific discipline. Research process is also self-correcting .
- 21. Research The Research Process: Tentative generalisations to research problems are tested logically and empirically. If these generalisations are rejected, new ones are formulated and tested. In the process of reformulation, all the research operations are re-evaluated, because the rejection of generalisation might be due to deficiencies in performing the research operations.
- 22. Research The Research Process: For example, a generalisation that ‘ economic crises lead to increased government spending’ can be rejected if it cannot be logically validated and empirically verified. Generalisation can also be rejected, even if it is ‘true’, if procedures for validation and verification ( for example, research design, measurement and data analysis) are deficient.
- 23. Research The Research Process: To minimize the risk of rejecting true generalisations, one needs to re-examine each of the stages in the research process prior to the formulation of new generalisations.
- 24. NBS Students: Research Figure: Principles stages of research process: Problem Theory Hypothesis Research design Measurement Generalisation Data analysis Data collection