2015 10-07 - additive manufacturing intro
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The document discusses additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for building 3D objects. It describes how AM involves layering materials additively under computer control to produce an object from a digital model. The document then covers various AM techniques like stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D printing. It discusses factors like accuracy, speed, materials used, and costs for different AM systems. It also notes some limitations of AM and when subtractive techniques may be preferable.
2015 10-07 - additive manufacturing intro
- 2. + 3D world • A picture says than 1000 words ... ... a model tells the whole story
- 3. + Building 3D object
- 4. + Building 3D object: subtractive • Milling • Turning • Drilling • Planning • Sawing • Grinding • EDM • Laser cutting • Water jet cutting • …
- 5. + Building 3D object: formative • Bending • Forging • Electromagnetic forming • Plastic injection molding • …
- 6. + Building 3D object: additive
- 7. + Additive manufacturing • Additive manufacturing is a process of making a 3D solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. • It is achieved using an additive process, where successive layers of material are laid down in different shapes.
- 8. + Additive manufacturing for Rapid prototyping
- 9. + Additive manufacturing by Industry Sectors
- 10. + Computer Aided technologies (Cax) • CAD – Design • CAE – Engineering • CAM – Manufacturing • CAPP – Process Planning • CIM – Computer Integrated Manufacturing UN UNICO SISTEMA PRODUTTIVO INTEGRATO CIM - COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING CAD - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN CAE - COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING CAM - COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING CAPP - COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS PLANING
- 11. + Hype cycle 2013
- 12. + Hype cycle 2015
- 13. + A possible classification
- 14. + Available technologies • Solidification of liquid materials – Photo-polymerization process
- 15. + Available technologies • Generation from the solid phase: – incipiently or completely melted solid materials, powder, or powder mixtures: • Extrusion (FDM), • Ballistic and • Sintering processes
- 16. + Available technologies • Generation from the solid phase: – incipiently or completely melted solid materials, powder, or powder mixtures: • Extrusion (FDM), • Ballistic and • Sintering processes
- 17. + Available technologies • Generation from the solid phase: – Conglutination of granules or powders by additional binders • 3D inkjet printer
- 18. + Rapid Prototyping • Features of RP Systems: – Process type - Stereo lithography, Laminating, Fused deposition modelling, Sintering of powder, Solid ground curing, etc. – Work space(mm) - depends on the models – Material - photopolymer resin, coated paper, ABS, wax, metal alloy, etc.
- 19. + Layer thickness(mm) Accuracy (mm) SLA 0.05 - 0.3 0.01 - 0.2 LOM 0.1 - 1 0.1 - 0.2 FDM ≈0.05 0.130 - 0.260 SLS ≈0.08 0.03 - 0.4 SGC 0.01 - 0.15 0.05 - 0.5 Features of AM Systems
- 20. + Machine Cost Material Application Fused Deposition Modeler 1600 (FDM) $10/hr ABS or Casting Wax Strong Parts Casting Patterns Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) $18/hr Paper (wood-like) Larger Parts Concept Models Sanders Model Maker 2 (Jet) $3.30/hr Wax Casting Pattern Selective Laser Sintering 2000 (SLS) $44/hr Polycarbonate TrueForm SandForm light: 100%; margin: 0">Casting Patterns Concept Models Stereolithography 250 (SLA) $33/hr Epoxy Resin (Translucent) Thin walls Durable Models Z402 3-D Modeller (Jet) $27.50/hr Starch/Wax Concept Models Features of AM Systems
- 21. + Technology SLA SLS FDM Wax Inkjet 3D printer LOM Max Part Size (cm) 30x30x50 34x34x60 30x30x50 30x15x21 30x30x40 65x55x40 Speed Average Average to fair Poor Poor Excellent Good Accuracy Very good Good Fair Excellent Fair Fair Surface finish Very good Fair Fair Excellent Fair Fair to poor Strenghts Market leader, large part size, accuragy, wide product Market leader, accuracy, materials, large part size Lab on desktop, price, materials Accuracy, finish, lab on desktop Speed, lab on desktop, price, color Large part size, good for large castings, material cost Weaknesses Post processing, messy liquids Size and weight, system price, surface finish Speed Speed limited, materials, part size Limited materials, fragile parts, finsh Part stability, smoke, finish and accuracy Features of AM Systems
- 22. + Which Process Should You Pick? • Do you need a prototype (not just a model)? – SLS, FDM (for robustness, strength). • Do you need a mold for a small batch? – SLA (for smooth, hard surface). • Does part need multiple colors? – 3D Color-Printing. • Does part have convoluted internal spaces? – 3D-Print, SLS, SLA (easy support removal).
- 23. + Holoow Sphere Hollow sphere with drain/vent 2 Nested, perforated shperes 3D hilbert pipe Preassembled gear mechanism LOM ★ ★ ★ ★★★ ★ SLA ★ ★★★ ★★★★ ★★★★ ★ ★★★ FDM ★ ★ ★★★★ ★★★★ ★★★ 3D-P ★ ★★★★ ★★ ★★★★ ★★ ★★★★ ★★★★★ SLS ★ ★★★★ ★★ ★★★★ ★★ ★★★★ ★ Informal Process Ratings Matrix
- 24. + Vendors (1/2) Photopolymer 3D System (formerly DTM) US http://www.3dsystems.com EOS Germany http://www.eos.info/en CMET Japan http://www.cmet.co.jp/eng/ Envisiontec Perfactory Germany http://www.envisiontec.de Deposition Stratasys FDM US http://www.stratasys.com Solidscape (now it is a Stratasys company) Inkjet US and the Netherlands http://www.solid-scape.com 3D Systems (formerly DTM) ThermojetTM US http://www.3dsystems.com Soligen casting cores/patterns US http://www.soligen.com
- 25. + Vendors (2/2) Lamination Solidica US http://www.solidica.com Cubic Technologies (formerly Helisys) US http://www.cubictechnologies.com Selective laser sintering 3D Systems US http://www.3dsystems.com EOS Germany http://www.eos.info/en
- 26. + Low cost 3D printer LIKE OUR REVIEWS? SUPPORT OUR SITE BY LIKING US ON FACEBOOK OR GOOGLE PLUS Mi piace Piace a 88.978 persone. Di' che ti piace prim a di 16 2013 Best 3D Printer Reviews and Comparisons Displaying 1 to 10 of 19 « Previous 10 | Next 10 » Overall Rating Printing Features Printer Design Included Components Connectivity Help & Support Rank #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 10-9 Excellent 8-6 Good 5-4 Average 3-2 Poor 1-0 Bad Cubify CubeX Cubify Cube LulzBot AO-101 Afinia H Replicator 2 AW3D XL AW3D V5 Replicator 2X Mbot Cube 3DTouch Reviewer Comments Ratings 9.53 8.60 8.08 7.85 7.63 7.58 7.38 7.35 7.25 7.08 Printing Features Reliability Score (Percent) 100 95 90 85 95 95 95 95 95 90 Print Quality Score (Percent) 100 90 80 95 90 95 100 99 95 95 Print Speed (MM per Second) 15 15 200 30 90 150 150 200 40 15 Printing Time (Minutes) 120 120 15 60 18 12 12 10 78 120 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- 27. + Asking for a quote • http://www.redeyeondemand.com • http://www.redeyeondemand.com
- 28. INDIRECT RAPID PROTOTYPING (RAPID TOOLING)
- 29. + Indirect Rapid Prototyping (iRP) • Molds fabricated with RP devices (CAD/CAM) • Casting of the desired (bio-)material • Extraction of the final object DW Hutmacher et al., Trends in Biotechnology, 22(7):354 – 362, 2004
- 30. IS IT A GOOD CHOICE TO 3DPRINT EVERY OBJECT?
- 31. + Design for manufacture
- 32. + Limitations of AM • ACCURACY – Stair Stepping: • Since rapid prototyping builds object in layers, there is inevitably a "stairstepping" effect produced because the layers have a finite thickness.
- 33. + Limitations of AM • ACCURACY – Precision: • tolerances are still not quite at the level of CNC, • Because of intervening energy exchanges and/or complex chemistry one cannot say with any certainty that one method of RP is always more accurate than another, or that a particular method always produces a certain tolerance.
- 34. + Limitations of AM • FINISH – The finish and appearance of a part are related to accuracy, but also depend on the method of RP employed. – Technologies based on powders have a sandy or diffuse appearance, sheet- based methods might be considered poorer in finish because the stairstepping is more pronounced.
- 35. + Limitations of AM • Secondary Operations – Post Curing (Stereolithography) – Inflintration, for fragile parts (3DP, MJM, SLS) – Final machining of metal parts – Removing of the support structures
- 36. + Support structure (red material), water- soluble, fused deposition modeling (FDM). Support structure, stereolithography. Limitations of AM
- 37. + Limitations of AM • System costs – from $30,000 to $800,000 – training, housing and maintenance (a laser for a stereolithography system costs more than $20,000) • Material – High cost – Available choices are limited.
- 38. + Subtractive technologies • Laser cutter • CNC milling machines
- 39. + Open Subtractive technologies • Laser cutter • CNC milling machines www.buildyourcnc.com http://labs.nortd.com/lasersaur/
- 40. + NC Machining & Rapid Prototyping • Numeric control machines requires a skilled operator to set up the maching specifying: – tools, – speeds, – raw materials. • NC Machining allows: – a wide range of materials – better accuracy – to reveal manufacturing limits in a given design.
- 41. + Additive Manufacturing vs Subtractive Manufacturing • AM can not become complete replacement for the SM (Milling, Turning, EDM etc.) • AM technologies are instead complementary for: – complex or intricate geometric forms, – simultaneous fabrication of multiple parts into a single assembly, – multiple materials or composite materials in the same part. • Thus, AM is the enabling technology for controlled material composition as well as for geometric control.
- 42. + Environmental and health issues