21 ch03macromolecules2010
- 1. Chemistry of CarbonBuilding Blocks of Life
- 2. Why study Carbon?All of life is built on carbon Cells~72% H2O ~25% carbon compoundscarbohydrateslipidsproteins nucleic acids~3% salts Na, Cl, K…
- 3. Chemistry of LifeOrganic chemistry is the study of carboncompoundsC atoms are versatile building blocksbonding properties4 stable covalent bondsHCHHH
- 4. Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys
- 5. HydrocarbonsCombinations of C & Hnon-polarnot soluble in H2Ohydrophobicstablevery little attraction between moleculesa gas at room temperaturemethane(simplest HC)
- 7. IsomersMolecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) different chemical propertiesdifferent biological functions6 carbons6 carbons6 carbons
- 8. Form affects functionStructural differences create important functional significanceamino acid alanineL-alanine used in proteinsbut not D-alaninemedicinesL-version activebut not D-versionsometimes withtragic results…stereoisomers
- 9. Form affects functionThalidomide prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s reduced morning sickness, but…stereoisomer caused severe birth defects
- 10. Diversity of moleculesSubstitute other atoms or groups around the carbonethane vs. ethanolH replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)nonpolar vs. polargas vs. liquidbiological effects!ethanol (C2H5OH)ethane (C2H6)
- 11. Functional groupsParts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactionsgive organic molecules distinctive propertieshydroxylaminocarbonylsulfhydrylcarboxylphosphateAffect reactivitymakes hydrocarbonshydrophilicincrease solubility in water
- 12. Viva la difference!Basic structure of male & female hormones is identicalidentical carbon skeletonattachment of different functional groupsinteract with different targets in the bodydifferent effects
- 13. Hydroxyl–OHorganic compounds with OH = alcoholsnames typically end in -olethanol
- 14. CarbonylC=O O double bonded to Cif C=O at end molecule = aldehydeif C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
- 15. Carboxyl –COOH C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH groupcompounds with COOH = acidsfatty acidsamino acids
- 16. Amino-NH2N attached to 2 Hcompounds with NH2 = aminesamino acidsNH2 acts as baseammonia picks up H+ from solution
- 17. Sulfhydryl –SHS bonded to Hcompounds with SH = thiolsSH groups stabilize the structure of proteins
- 18. Phosphate –PO4P bound to 4 Oconnects to C through an Olots of O = lots of negative chargehighly reactivetransfers energy between organic molecules ATP, GTP, etc.
- 20. MacromoleculesSmaller organic molecules join together to form larger moleculesmacromolecules4 major classes of macromolecules:carbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids
- 21. H2OHOHHHOHOH PolymersLong molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain monomersbuilding blocksrepeated small units covalent bondsDehydration synthesis
- 22. H2OHOHHHOenzymeHOH How to build a polymerYou gotta be open to“bonding!Synthesisjoins monomers by “taking” H2O outone monomer donates OH–other monomer donates H+together these form H2Orequires energy & enzymesDehydration synthesisCondensationreaction
- 23. H2OHOHenzymeHHOHHOHow to break down a polymerBreaking upis hard to do!Digestionuse H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesiscleave off one monomer at a timeH2O is split into H+ and OH–H+ & OH– attach to endsrequires enzymesreleases energyHydrolysisDigestion
- 24. Any Questions??