3 f3 1_introduction_to_dsp
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This document provides an introduction to digital signal processing (DSP). It outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, including Fourier transforms, digital filters, random signals, optimal filtering, and pattern recognition. It lists recommended textbooks and notes that the material covered includes mathematics, examples, and help with exams. The document then defines DSP and discusses its applications in areas such as radar, biomedical, speech, communications, image processing, music, and multimedia. It also outlines the operations, chips, and digital/analog conversion needed for DSP implementation and some limitations of DSP like aliasing, antialias filtering, frequency resolution, and quantization error. Finally, it discusses advantages of digital over analog signal processing.
![Course Overview
• Topics:
– Fourier Transforms and Digital Filters 6 letures [me]
– Random signals, Optimal Filtering and Signal
Modelling 6 lectures [Simon Godsill]
– Pattern recognition 4 lectures [Zoubin Ghahramani]
• Handouts:
– New: typos, please, e-mail op205@cam.ac.uk
– www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~op205
– Feedback welcome
• Natural extension of 3F1
2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3f31introductiontodsp-131202085233-phpapp01/85/3-f3-1_introduction_to_dsp-2-320.jpg)
3 f3 1_introduction_to_dsp
- 1. Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Elena Punskaya www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~op205 Some material adapted from courses by Prof. Simon Godsill, Dr. Arnaud Doucet, Dr. Malcolm Macleod and Prof. Peter Rayner 1
- 2. Course Overview • Topics: – Fourier Transforms and Digital Filters 6 letures [me] – Random signals, Optimal Filtering and Signal Modelling 6 lectures [Simon Godsill] – Pattern recognition 4 lectures [Zoubin Ghahramani] • Handouts: – New: typos, please, e-mail op205@cam.ac.uk – www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~op205 – Feedback welcome • Natural extension of 3F1 2
- 3. Books Books: – J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing 3rd edition, Prentice-Hall. – R.G Lyons, Understanding Digital Signal processing, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall. (Amazon’s top-selling for five straight years) Material covered – maths (why is it difficult?) – exams – examples papers – help 3
- 4. What is Digital Signal Processing? Digital: operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in the form of numbers Signal: a parameter (electrical quantity or effect) that can be varied in such a way as to convey information Processing: a series operations performed according to programmed instructions changing or analysing information which is measured as discrete sequences of numbers 4
- 5. The Journey “Learning digital signal processing is not something you accomplish; it’s a journey you take”. R.G Lyons, Understanding Digital Signal processing 5
- 6. Applications of DSP - Radar Radar and Sonar: Examples 1) target detection – position and velocity estimation 2) tracking 6
- 7. Applications of DSP - Biomedical Biomedical: analysis of biomedical signals, diagnosis, patient monitoring, preventive health care, artificial organs Examples: 1) electrocardiogram (ECG) signal – provides doctor with information about the condition of the patient’s heart 2) electroencephalogram (EEG) signal – provides Information about the activity of the brain 7
- 8. Applications of DSP - Speech Speech applications: Examples 1) noise reduction – reducing background noise in the sequence produced by a sensing device (microphone) 2) speech recognition – differentiating between various speech sounds 3) synthesis of artificial speech – text to speech systems for blind 8
- 9. Applications of DSP - Communications Communications: Examples 1) telephony – transmission of information in digital form via telephone lines, modem technology, mobile phones 2) encoding and decoding of the information sent over a physical channel (to optimise transmission or to detect or correct errors in transmission) 9
- 10. Applications of DSP – Image Processing Image Processing: Examples 1) content based image retrieval – browsing, searching and retrieving images from database 2) image enhancement 2) compression - reducing the redundancy in the image data to optimise transmission / storage 10
- 11. Applications of DSP – Music Music Applications: Examples: 1) Recording 2) Playback 3) Manipulation (mixing, special effects) 11
- 12. Applications of DSP - Multimedia Multimedia: generation storage and transmission of sound, still images, motion pictures Examples: 1) digital TV 2) video conferencing 12
- 13. DSP Implementation - Operations To implement DSP we must be able to: Input Digital Signal DSP Digital Signal Output 1) perform numerical operations including, for example, additions, multiplications, data transfers and logical operations either using computer or special-purpose hardware 13
- 14. DSP chips • Introduction of the microprocessor in the late 1970's and early 1980's meant DSP techniques could be used in a much wider range of applications. DSP chip – a programmable device, with its own native instruction code designed specifically to meet numerically-intensive requirements of DSP Bluetooth headset Household appliances Home theatre system capable of carrying out millions of floating point operations per second 14
- 15. DSP Implementation – Digital/Analog Conversion To implement DSP we must be able to: Digital Signal DSP Digital Signal Analog Signal Reconstruction 2) convert the digital information, after being processed back to an analog signal - involves digital-to-analog conversion & reconstruction (recall from 1B Signal and Data Analysis) e.g. text-to-speech signal (characters are used to generate artificial sound) 15
- 16. DSP Implementation –Analog/Digital Conversion To implement DSP we must be able to: Analog Signal Sampling Digital Signal DSP Digital Signal 3) convert analog signals into the digital information - sampling & involves analog-to-digital conversion (recall from 1B Signal and Data Analysis) e.g. Touch-Tone system of telephone dialling (when button is pushed two sinusoid signals are generated (tones) and transmitted, a digital system determines the frequences and uniquely identifies the button – digital (1 to 12) output 16
- 17. DSP Implementation To implement DSP we must be able to: Analog Signal Sampling Digital Signal DSP Digital Signal Reconstruction Analog Signal perform both A/D and D/A conversions e.g. digital recording and playback of music (signal is sensed by microphones, amplified, converted to digital, processed, and converted back to analog to be played 17
- 18. Limitations of DSP - Aliasing Most signals are analog in nature, and have to be sampled loss of information • we only take samples of the signals at intervals and don’t know what happens in between aliasing cannot distinguish between higher and lower frequencies (recall from 1B Signal and Data Analysis) Gjendemsjø, A. Aliasing Applet, Connexions, http://cnx.org/content/m11448/1.14 Sampling theorem: to avoid aliasing, sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency component (`bandwidth’) of the signal 18
- 19. Limitations of DSP - Antialias Filter • Sampling theorem says there is enough information to reconstruct the signal, which does not mean sampled signal looks like original one correct reconstruction is not just connecting samples with straight lines Each sample is taken at a slightly earlier part of a cycle needs antialias filter (to filter out all high frequency components before sampling) and the same for reconstruction – it does remove information though (recall from 1B Signal and Data Analysis) 19
- 20. Limitations of DSP – Frequency Resolution Most signals are analog in nature, and have to be sampled loss of information • we only take samples for a limited period of time limited frequency resolution does not pick up “relatively” slow changes (recall from 1B Signal and Data Analysis) 20
- 21. Limitations of DSP – Quantisation Error Most signals are analog in nature, and have to be sampled loss of information • limited (by the number of bits available) precision in data storage and arithmetic quantisation error smoothly varying signal represented by “stepped” waveform (recall from 1B Signal and Data Analysis) 21
- 22. Advantages of Digital over Analog Signal Processing Why still do it? • Digital system can be simply reprogrammed for other applications / ported to different hardware / duplicated (Reconfiguring analog system means hadware redesign, testing, verification) • DSP provides better control of accuracy requirements (Analog system depends on strict components tolerance, response may drift with temperature) • Digital signals can be easily stored without deterioration (Analog signals are not easily transportable and often can’t be processed off-line) • More sophisticated signal processing algorithms can be implemented (Difficult to perform precise mathematical operations in analog form) 22