![Qualitative is Quantitative? Most do not define indicators as qualitative or quantitative - they assume that all indicators are by definition quantitative. For example: A qualitative indicator could be “most village women feel they have a voice at meetings” [ but how do you know this? ] So this could be quantitative: “ the percentage of women surveyed who say they have a voice at meetings”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/6-1me-110516235958-phpapp01/85/6-M-E-Monitoring-and-Evaluation-of-Aid-Projects-30-320.jpg)
6 M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation of Aid Projects
- 1. Development Project Planning 6 Monitoring and Evaluation In the Project Cycle
- 2. Ground Rules Suggested Rules: Come on time No Phones No come and go No chat
- 3. M&E and the Project Cycle What is M&E Monitoring Types of monitoring Working with Indicators Data sources Evaluation Choosing Indicators
- 4. Why ? The purpose of monitoring and evaluation is to measure program effectiveness
- 5. Uses Of M & E Monitoring and evaluation helps: make decisions on implementation ensure the most effective and efficient use of resources determine if the project is on track and make any needed corrections evaluate the impact of the project
- 6. What is Monitoring ? Monitoring is collecting routine data to measure the progress of a project or activity. It is used to track proje c t performance over time, to make informed decisions about the effectiveness of projects and the efficient use of resources. Monitoring is also called process evaluation because it looks at the implementation process and asks: How well has the project been implemented? How much does implementation vary from site to site? Did the project benefit the intended people? At what cost?
- 7. What is Evaluation ? Evaluation measures how well the program activities have achieved the objectives, and how much the changes in outcomes are due to the project. The difference in the outcome between having the project or not having the project is known as its “impact,” and measuring this difference is referred to as “impact evaluation.”
- 8. Some Other Words Impact: any effect caused by project activity including human health and safety, plants, animals, soil, air, water, climate, landscape, structures, cultural heritage or socio-economic conditions . Metric: a unit of measure Benchmark: a chosen level of an indicator
- 9. Some Other Words Objective: factual, real; can be measured scientific, repeatable result e.g. how many people have TB? S u b j e c t i v e : from one person’s view Can be different for different people e.g. are we a democratic country?
- 10. M&E Plan The project proposal must include an M&E plan M&E requires resources – time, staff, money The indicators must relate to the project aim The data must be reliable Managers must be willing to use and learn from the results, and follow up Dissemination – share information and lessons learned
- 11. M&E Plans should include.. assumptions regarding context, activities, and goals relationships between activities, targets, and outcomes description of measures and operational definitions (indicators and metrics), with baseline values, monitoring schedule, data sources, and M&E resource estimates partnerships and collaborations required to achieve results specific attention to periodic evaluation , with resources allocated at least midterm and at project end.
- 12. M&E M&E looks at progress against the INDICATORS in the logframe So the first step for good M&E is choice of indicators
- 13. What is an Indicator ? a variable … that measures one aspect of a project that is directly related to the program’s objectives.
- 14. What is an Indicator ? An indicator is a variable whose value changes from the baseline level (at the time the program began) to a new value after the program and its activities have made their impact felt. Then the variable, or indicator, is calculated again.
- 15. What is an Indicator ? Secondly, an indicator is a measurement. It measures the value of the change in meaningful units that can be compared to past and future units. This is usually expressed as a percentage or a number.
- 16. What is an Indicator ? Finally, an indicator focuses on a single aspect of a program or project. This aspect may be an input, an output or an overarching objective, but it should be narrowly defined in a way that captures this one aspect as precisely as possible.
- 17. How many Indicators? an appropriate set of indicators will include at least one for each significant element of the project (i.e. at least one per box in a logframe) a reasonable guideline recommends one or two indicators per result, at least one indicator for each activity, but no more than 10-15 indicators per area of significant program focus.
- 18. A good indicator should: produce the same results when used repeatedly to measure the same condition or event; measure only the condition or event it is intended to measure; show changes in the state or condition over time; have reasonable measurement costs; and be defined in clear and unambiguous terms.
- 19. Good Indicators Valid Reliable Precise Independent Timely Comparable
- 20. Good Indicators Validity The indicator measures what it is intended to measure
- 21. Good Indicators Reliability The indicator minimises measurement error repeatable Types of measurement error Sampling Error - caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population Non-Sampling Error – all other errors Subjective Measurement - bias
- 22. Good Indicators Precise Definition Is defined in clear terms What you measure and how
- 23. Good Indicators Independence Not directional – can be positive OR negative One dimensional – up and down a line Describe a discrete result at a single point in time
- 24. Good Indicators Timeliness Provides a measurement over the periods of time that matter (e.g. the project life) with data available for all appropriate intervals
- 25. Good Indicators Comparability Compares with other similar situations Assists in understanding results across different population groups and project approaches
- 26. Additional Factors Influencing Indicator Selection Data availability Resources Program needs Donor requirements
- 27. Take a break
- 28. Types of Indicators Quantitative - an actual number of some output Qualitative - descriptive observations that can supplement the numbers and percentages provided by quantitative indicators. They add to quantitative indicators a richness of information about the context in which the program has been operating. Examples include “availability of a clear, strategic organisational mission statement” and “existence of a multi-year procurement plan for each product offered.” “ For a quantitative indicator you would collect numbers , and for a qualitative indicator you would collect facts or opinions .”
- 29. Types of Indicators Confusion exists in what are qualitative and quantitative indicators. It is clear that quantitative indicators measure changes that can be counted. It is not clear what is a qualitative indicator. some say qualitative indicators relate to the quality of the change being measured (DFID, 1995) - e.g. women’s political representation: a quantitative indicator could be the percentage of parliament seats occupied by women, while a qualitative indicator would describe the quality of women’s political participation. some say qualitative indicators describe a subjective opinion on an issue or project impact.
- 30. Qualitative is Quantitative? Most do not define indicators as qualitative or quantitative - they assume that all indicators are by definition quantitative. For example: A qualitative indicator could be “most village women feel they have a voice at meetings” [ but how do you know this? ] So this could be quantitative: “ the percentage of women surveyed who say they have a voice at meetings”
- 31. Indicators of What ? Utilisation Shows if a service is being used, e.g. • Number of people attending a nutrition course • Number of people requesting VCT • Applications received for a training course Utililisation Shows what a service has done or provided, e.g. • Number of brochures produced • Number of condoms distributed • Number of home care visits • Number of clients counselled and tested Activity or Output Shows what goes in to providing a service - the resources used, e.g. • Amount spent on travel per week • Home care supplies purchased per month • Wages, allowances and incentives paid • Production costs for brochures and posters Inputs
- 32. Indicators of What ? Performance Shows how well something was done, e.g. • Number of people reporting they are ‘satisfied’ with a training workshop • Number of reported cases of STIs • Proportion of VCT clients returning to collect their HIV test results • Number of orphans supported in the community Performance Coverage Shows what proportion of people / groups in need receive a service, e.g. • Proportion of all orphans receiving visits • Proportion of schools with an AIDS awareness club • Proportion of commercial farms with peer education programmes Coverage
- 33. Exercise Water and Sanitation Project Read the Concept Note Using the Logframe, choose the Indicators
- 34. Setting up an Indicator You must identify exactly how a given concept or behaviour will be measured – the Metric. The Metric is the precise calculation or formula on which the indicator is based. Calculation of the metric establishes the indicator’s objective value at a point in time. Even if the factor itself is subjective or qualitative, (eg attitudes of a target population), the indicator metric calculates its value at a given time objectively This can be called “Operationalising” an Indicator
- 35. Setting up an Indicator You need to be careful about exactly how you define the metric e.g. “the percentage of HIV+ mothers who have prepartum AZT therapy” is it – ‘% of those births attended by the health care system’ or ‘% of all births’ is it – ‘% of recorded diagnosed HIV+ women’ or ‘% of all HIV+ women’
- 36. S e t t i n g u p a n I n d i c a t o r In many cases, indicators need to have definitions of the terms used. For instance, let’s look at the indicator: ‘number of antenatal care (ANC) providers trained’. If this indicator is used by a program, definitions need to be included. Providers would need to be defined, e.g ‘ any worker providing direct clinical services to clients seeking ANC at a public health facility’. For this indicator then, providers would not include those working in private facilities. Trained would also need to be defined, perhaps as ‘ those staff who attended every day of a five-day training course and passed the final exam with a score of at least 85%’.
- 37. Thankyou Please keep papers for next session
- 38. Produced by Tony Hobbs Health Unlimited, Ratanakiri, Cambodia www.healthunlimited.org With the support of Australian Volunteers International www.australianvolunteers.com © 2009 HU. Use with Acknowledgement
Editor's Notes
- #2: Need – flipcharts for watsan logframe indicators, Presenter notes. Handouts – Prepared handout, Project Cycle Mgmt Toolkit Handout 10 & 13 Pages 54, 55, 58, 59, Watsan Logframe and concept note
- #5: .. And to demonstrate it to donors and others
- #13: This is done at the planning stage, so if the project proposal is already accepted then these are set, but than can be changed (with agreement).
- #14: No detail – go on to next 3 slides
- #19: This is often expressed as.. (go to next slide)
- #24: Directional – if you ask only ‘what is the increase’ you may miss a decrease Dimensional – ‘what colour shirt’ gives an array of answers, ‘how bright is the shirt’ gives a linear progression Discrete – scientific repeatable type of measure
- #26: Eg a national census figure would be no good if it takes place only every 5 years
- #30: Next slide for example
- #36: If “all births” how do you measure that – are they reported If all HIV+ how do you get the figure if they are not all diagnosed?
- #39: Need – flipcharts for watsan logframe indicators, Presenter notes. Handouts – Prepared handout, Project Cycle Mgmt Toolkit Handout 10 & 13 Pages 54, 55, 58, 59, Watsan Logframe and concept note