7.1 mid term review lecture slides student notes
- 1. Mid-term Review Lecture 7.1 University of Alberta ALES 204 Nancy Bray 1
- 3. Lecture Outline Module 1 - What is communication? Module 2 - Essentials of communication, part 1 Module 3 - Essentials of communication, part 2 Module 4 - Essentials of communication, part 3 Module 5 - Informative communication Module 6 - Visual communication 3
- 4. Module 1: What is communication? 4
- 6. Definition of communication “Deliberate or accidental transfer of meaning” -- Gamble & Gamble, p. 4 6
- 7. 7 essentials of communication 1. People 2. Message 3. Channels 4. Noise 5. Context 6. Feedback 7. Effect 7
- 8. Gamble & Gamble model 8
- 9. 5 myths of communication 1. Everyone is an expert 2. Communication will solve every problem 3. Communication can break down 4. Communication is inherently good 5. More communication is better 9
- 10. Résumés 10
- 11. 5 common mistakes in résumés 1. All about job seeker and not employer 2. Responsibilities vs accomplishments 3. Not specific, no specific examples 4. Too much info 5. Poor design 11
- 12. Steps to a good résumé 1. Research the employer 2. Research yourself accomplishments what+how+results 1. Build a master résumé 2. Choose type of résumé 3. Tailor the résumé for each employer 4. Proofread! 12
- 13. Alternatives to traditional résumé Video, slidecast LinkedIn Job portfolio (web or paper) Professional bios 13
- 14. Module 2: Essentials of communication, part 1 14
- 15. Intercultural communication 15
- 16. What is culture? a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts that are acquired, shared, and used by members during daily living 16
- 17. What is co-culture? groups of persons who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture 17
- 18. What strategies do co-cultures use to interact with dominant culture? Assimilation Accommodation Separation 18
- 19. 5 dimensions of culture 1. Individualism vs collectivism 2. High-context vs low-context 3. High power distance vs low power distance 4. Monochromic vs polychromic 5. Masculine vs feminine culture 19
- 20. Hierarchies 20
- 21. What is a hierarchy? Relationship structure Pyramid Everyone is subordinate, except leader 21
- 23. Disadvantages Communication difficulties Silos Can’t change quickly enough Can be opaque in low power distance culture 23
- 24. Upward communication Boss Boss What subordinates are doing Unsolved problems Suggestions for improvement How subordinates feel about each other and their jobs You You 24
- 25. Lateral communication Co-worker 1 Co-worker 1 You You Co-worker 2 Co-worker 2 Task coordination Problem solving Sharing information Conflict resolution 25
- 26. Downward communication You You Subordinate 1 Subordinate 1 Subordinate 2 Subordinate 2 Job instructions Job rationale Feedback 26 Corporate culture
- 27. Professional e-mail 27
- 28. Parts of an e-mail 1. Professional e-mail address 2. Bcc or Cc 3. Subject line 4. Attachment name 5. Greeting 6. Opening sentence 7. Body 8. Closing sentence 9. Closing 10.Signed Name 11.Signature Block 28
- 29. Module 3: Essentials of communication, part 2 29
- 30. Cover letters 30
- 31. A good cover letter can Make a good first impression Target the employer’s needs Showcase your personality Close gaps in your work record Highlight skills and accomplishments Demonstrate your writing skills 31
- 32. 8 steps to a good cover letter 1. Research the employer 2. If e-mail: create a good subject line 3. Start with a greeting 4. The lead line 5. The sales pitch 6. The closer 7. Closing line 8. Proofread carefully Source: http://susanireland.com/letter/how-to/ 32
- 33. Audience 33
- 34. How to research 1. Find existing research 2. Talk to your audience Interviews Surveys Focus groups = group interview of 10-12 people 1. Build (a) profile(s) and create a (many) personas. 34
- 35. Audience Profiles A written summary of everything that you have discovered about your audience 35
- 36. Audience Personas An imagined, stereotypical character which you create to help better communicate 36
- 37. What you want to know: Demographics Psychographic Relationship to you Age Values and attitudes What do you share? Gender Media consumption What is different Socioeconomic Activities (pastimes) between you? category What is in it for your Culture audience? Geographic location Profession 37
- 38. Perception 38
- 39. What is perception? process by which we make sense out of experience 39
- 40. Stages of perception 40
- 41. Things that affect perception Figure-ground principle Perceptual schema like stereotypes Closure 41
- 42. Selective perception selective perception = means of interpreting experience in a way that conforms to one’s beliefs, expectations, and convictions selective exposure = tendency to expose oneself to information that reaffirms existing attitudes, beliefs, and values selective attention = tendency to focus on certain cues and ignore others selective retention = tendency to remember those things that reinforce one’s way of thinking and forget those that oppose one’s way of thinking
- 43. Self-concept Self-concept = self-image + self-esteem Self-image = mental image of yourself Self-esteem = evaluation of yourself Is partly subjective Is multifaceted 43
- 44. Johari window
- 45. Ways that we perceive others First impressions Stereotypes and prejudice Self-serving biases Allness Facts and inference Empathy 45
- 46. Module 3: Essentials of communication, part 3 46
- 47. Language 47
- 48. What is language? a unified system of symbols that permits the sharing of meaning symbol = that which represents something else 48
- 49. Triangle of meaning Thought Word Thing 49
- 50. Bypassing miscommunication that occurs when individuals think they understand each other but actually miss each other’s meaning 50
- 51. Types of meaning denotative meaning = dictionary meaning; objective or descriptive meaning of a word connotative meaning = subjective meaning; one’s personal meaning for a word 51
- 52. Influences on meaning Time Place Experience (think of jargon) 52
- 53. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis belief that labels we use help shape our thinking, our worldview, and our behaviour 53
- 54. Non-verbal behaviour 54
- 55. Non-verbal communication Human messages and responses not expressed in words Sometimes we are unaware of actions Sometimes we use non-verbal communication purposefully Mixed message: message that occurs when words and actions contradict each other Awareness of non-verbal communication will help us be better communicators 55
- 56. Nine channels of non-verbal communication a. Kinesics (body) b. Voice (paralanguage) c. Proxemics (space and distance) d. Appearance e. Colours f. Clothing and artifacts g. Time h. Touch i. Smell 56
- 58. The writing process 58
- 59. Why is writing hard? Speaking is natural and low-stakes Writing is unnatural = mediating with technology Writing is high-stakes. We can’t take it back 59
- 60. Beaufort model of writing expertise Writing Subject process matter knowledge knowledge Discourse community knowledge Rhetorical Genre knowledge knowledge 60
- 61. How do expert writers write? 61
- 62. What is rhetoric? How to use language effectively to communicate a message Has a bad rap = often linked to deceiving speech 62
- 63. Readability and plain language 63
- 64. Readability How easily a text is understood 64
- 65. Readability statistics Average American and British adult reads at the Grade 9 (Age 13) level Most popular novels at Grade 7 level Most newspapers at the Grade 11 level 65
- 66. Readability measures Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level formula Flesch Reading Ease Score 66
- 67. How to increase readability Reduce sentence length Avoid 3-syllable and more words Choose words with Anglo-Saxon roots over their Latin-root equivalents, i.e., ‘dog’ over ‘canine’. Use plain English principles 67
- 68. Plain language “The writing and setting out of essential information in a way that gives a cooperative, motivated person a good chance of understanding it at first reading, and in the same sense that the writer meant it to be understood.” -- Oxford Guide to Plain Language Also called plain English 68
- 69. Four main features of plain language 1. Common, everyday words 2. Refer to the reader as ‘you’, the writer as ‘we’ 3. The use of the active voice 4. Short sentences 69
- 70. Informative communication 70
- 71. What is informative communication? Effort to deepen understanding and to increase awareness 71
- 72. Audience and goal Representation of real world Expert Lay Audience 72
- 73. Types of informative communication Informatory = effort to increase awareness Explanatory = effort to deepen understanding 73
- 74. Four components of effective instructions (informatory) 1. Desired state = the goal that the user must accomplish 2. Prerequisite state = what the user must know/have before beginning 3. Interim state = steps that the user must take to get to final goal 4. Unwanted states = states to avoid Based on Farkas (1999) 74
- 75. Steps for an effective explanation 1. Define concepts by their essential, not associated, meaning 2. When presenting a confusing concept, give an array of varied examples 3. Offer “non-examples”, i.e., closely related, but distinct concepts 4. Encourage learners to practice 75
- 76. Learning a new genre 1. What is the purpose? 2. Who is the audience? 3. What are the expectations of the genre? a. Language b. Design 4. What is the process? 76
- 78. Information Overload Your message is competing with millions of other messages 78
- 79. Improving your visual design: Gives your message a better chance of being seen Gives your message a better chance of being understood 79
- 80. CRAP Principles of Design 1. Contrast 2. Repetition 3. Alignment 4. Proximity 80
- 81. Typography and Colour Typeface (font) must match content Colour must suit content 81
- 82. How to make things stick 1. Simple 2. Unexpected 3. Credible 4. Concrete 5. Emotion 6. Stories 82
- 83. Gestalt theory Whole is greater than sum of its parts Closure Figure Ground Continuation Proximity Similarity 83
Editor's Notes
- #45: Open area - area known to you and another Blind area - information about you that others, but not you, are aware of Hidden - your hidden self. Known to you but not shared with others Self-disclosure happens when you move something from the hidden area into the open area Unknown - Neither you nor others are aware of it
- #50: Example of the triangle of meaning: The matter evokes the writer's thought. The writer refers the matter to the symbol. The symbol evokes the reader's thought. The reader refers the symbol back to the matter.