A critical study on availability and capacity utilization of side discharge loaders for performance assessment

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 251
A CRITICAL STUDY ON AVAILABILITY AND CAPACITY
UTILIZATION OF SIDE DISCHARGE LOADERS FOR
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
Sankha Sarkhel1
, U.K. Dey2
1
Department of Mining Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
2
Department of Mining Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Abstract
Improvement in production and productivity has become an important aspect for today’s coal industry especially in case of
underground coal mines. The record of production and productivity of Indian underground coal mines over the years is dismal, to
say the least. Mechanization in loading system has made possible major breakthroughs in underground coal mining technology.
Side Discharge Loaders (SDL) is now used as a loading machine for intermediate mechanization in underground coal mining. To
meet the production and productivity issues the SDL machine should be maintained effectively and efficiently to have maximum
availability. Higher availability of machine shall enable optimum utilization thus increasing production and productivity of these
capital intensive items.. This paper intends to identify and highlight the various factors and problems affecting performance of
SDL machine. Further an attempt is made to calculate the percentage availability and utilization of SDL deployed in underground
coal mines and analyzes the contributing factors to improve the overall efficiency. In addition, the problems of SDL application,
breakdown and its management have also been identified and resolved in these studies to propose suitable measures for
improving them.
Keywords: Side Discharge Loaders, performance, assessment, scheduled hours, maintenance hours, available hours,
percentage availability, percentage utilization, production efficiency, operating efficiency, management efficiency,
overall efficiency.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Coal mining in India has a history of over 235 years. The
industry currently occupies a covetable third place in world
coal production after China and USA with a 10% share of
total global coal production after the countries like China,
USA and Australia are about 95, 33 and 20% respectively.
India produces about 10% of coal from underground mines.
At the time of nationalization (1971) of the coal industry,
contributions of national coal production by underground
and opencast mines were 77.45% and 22.55% respectively.
By 2010-11, the share of coal production by different
underground methods may be stated thus Bord and Pillar
method - (34.10% conventional, SDL/LHD – 55.90%
mechanized), Longwall – (conventional-0.60%, mechanized
– 7.80%) and other methods – 1.60%.
Of the total output of coal from underground mines, more
than 90% of the coal is obtained by the Bord and Pillar
method, the popular method of mining in followed in India
and the rest by Longwall mining method. The Indian coal
mining industry has witnessed a persistent decline in
Underground coal production over the years with more
emphasis on opencast mining. Coal Production trend is
shown in Fig 1.
Fig 1. Trend of coal production from CIL mines (1975 to
2014)
A new principle of side dumping front end loading for
underground mucking machines has completely changed the
concept of underground loading and haulage equipment
arrangement both in production and development work
loading. Versatility and adaptability of this type of machine
permits combinations with a broad range of haulage means
not possible with -conventional overhead loaders. Chain
conveyors serving this type of loader are replacing

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conventional rail mounted car haulage to give a continuous
loading operation and effect important economics of
reduced manpower, faster loading rates and fewer working
areas for a required production. First used in Germany this
easy to control and highly efficient means of placing rock
from the muck pile on or into haulage means has advanced
the art of underground rock loading more in the past three
decades than any other advancement since the first
successful small crawler mounted air powered loader was
introduced in 1954. Bucket type loaders with a relative new
side dump principle are gaining in popularity for
underground loading. They are replacing conventional
overhead loaders in present applications and becoming first
choice in new ones. Primarily meant for hard rock
development and production loading they are also widely
used in production loading of coal and other soft materials.
[1]
This discussion briefly traces the historical development
of underground loaders to the new side dump type and its
present population. In more detail various applications,
loading techniques and the advantages of operation,
production and economy with the side dumper in coal
loading will be dealt with. The productivity of a mine can be
improved by increasing the level of mechanization,
introduction of state-of-the-art machines and ensuring their
optimal utilization as per international standards, proper
inventory management, reduction in cost due to accidents
through improved health and safety standards, improved
work culture and discipline through efficient management.
The grim scenario of underground coal production along
with the likely exhaustion of shallow depth coal reserves
and problems faced regarding surface land acquisition for
opencast mining have warranted a quantum jump in coal
production and productivity from underground mines in
India. This paper mainly focuses on improving the
efficiency of various operations carried out during the coal
extraction process for improving productivity of
underground coal mines. Three innovative methods for side
discharge loader (SDL) cable handling which will lead to a
significant increase in the productivity have also been
proposed in this paper. In order to meet the coal demand, a
number of actions are being taken by mining companies to
increase production from the existing mines and through the
introduction of new technologies.
The mechanization trend in the bord and pillar method of
coal mining introduced sophisticated automated side
discharge loader (SDL) / load haul dumper (LHD) machines
for loading of coal in place of manual loading. Among the
face loading machines, the electric SDL is now the
dominant machine as intermediate technology in
underground mines and plays an important role in district or
overall mine production. To achieve targeted coal
production and to survive the intense competition in the
mining industry in recent years, it is imperative that an SDL
machine as a system and its subsystems should be reliable
and maintained effectively and efficiently to ensure its
maximized availability and utilization.[2]
2. PRESENT STATUS
Coal India Limited, because of its improved performance on
an overall basis has got the Maharatna Status, however the
performance of its underground mines has largely been
unsatisfactory with a few exceptions in one or two
subsidiary companies. Majority of its underground mines
are making losses. However, some of the underground
mines of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Bharat Coking
Coal Limited (BCCL) and Central Coalfields Limited (CCL)
are not amenable to total mechanization due to geo-mining
conditions that are not conducive to mechanization and a
consequential sub optimal level of evacuation capacity.
The overall coal production is below the target from
underground mines of CIL. Relatively better performance in
the SECL mines are observed because of the already
existing Side Discharge Loaders and Load Haul Dumpers
technology in most of the mines. Conditions are worst in
BCCL and ECL mines where SDL and LHD with conveyor
are yet to be introduced in most of the underground coal
mines. Losses in underground mines is essentially due to
lack of modernization, labour intensive technology, old and
deepening mines with difficult geo-mining conditions and
increasing cost of mining day by day. Further strengthening
the need for introduction of mechanized coal getting
methods capable of giving better production and
productivity should be arrived at.
While addressing production and productivity scenario for
their substantial improvement, it is essential to keep in mind
the better environmental with the present and eco-friendly
status of this method, vis-a-vis, and Open Cast mining. This
is further emphasized by the fact that the workable seams in
most of the mines getting increasingly deeper and in a
decade or so may go beyond the economic stripping limit
notwithstanding the development in the reach and capacity
of the open cast excavators. Environmental impact of
opencast mining is a growing concern in view of expected
green and clean mining.
The minister of state (Independent Charge) for Coal
informed the Lok Sabha recently that most of the mines of
Coal India Limited are either fully mechanized or semi-
mechanized. Giving details about the technology up
gradation of the mines, the minister said, the thrust areas for
the future may remain the Bord and Pillar method with
higher degree of mechanization like continuous miners
technology in conjunction with mechanized drilling and roof
bolting system.
(Steps to increase Coal Production from Underground
Mines, Published: Saturday, 02 August-2014)
Raw coal production in India during 2013-14 in CIL & its
subsidiaries and in SCCL was 462.42 and 50.47 million
tonnes respectively. 9% of the coal produced is from the
underground mines.

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The following steps have been taken by Coal India Limited
to enhance underground production:
 Gradual conversion of manual underground mines
into semi mechanized technology like Load Haul
Dump (LHD) / Side Discharge Loader (SDL) with
Universal Drilling Machine (UDM).
 Mass Production Technology i.e. use of Continuous
Miner and Long Wall Technology, development in
transport infrastructure.
 Deployment of 7 Continuous Miners with a capacity
of about 2.835 Mty. Further, Project Report for 20
mines has been approved for deployment of 25
Continuous Miners with total capacity of 11.385
Mty.
 Orders have been issued for operating five mines
with long-wall technology.
In SCCL, the following steps have been taken:
 One underground mine with new generation Long
wall Technology is under construction designed for
rated production of 2.81 MT.
 Three new underground mines (all with Continuous
Miners) are planned to start production against nine
UG mines likely to be closed during XII plan.
 Reconstruction of existing mines for optimum
production by intermediate and high-end technology.
 Improving the productivity in the existing mines by
improving the utilization of the equipment.
 Exploration for new coal blocks has been expedited.
Table 1 Coal Production Data for 2013-14
Company Underground Opencast Total (MT)
ECL 6.87 29.18 36.05
BCCL 2.7 29.91 32.61
CCL 0.95 49.07 50.02
NCL 0 68.64 68.64
WCL 7.73 32 39.73
SECL 16.42 107.85 124.27
MCL 1.43 109.01 110.44
NEC 0.003 0.66 0.66
Total -
CIL
36.11 426.31 462.42
SCCL 10.36 40.11 50.47
However, use of long wall technology, wherever, geo-
mining conditions permit, will be continued as a mass
production technology. There will be a judicious mix of
B&P with continuous miner, B&P with Side Discharge
Loader (SDL)/Load Haul Dumper (LHD), combination of
mechanized longwall and special mining methods.
Many underground mines are having long travelling
distances about 3 to 5 km. or more which take away
considerable amount of time spent on to and fro journeys to
the working places. Making provision of underground Man
riding system, which will be cost effective too, can
considerably reduce this precious time loss on travelling.
Most of the underground mines in ECL & BCCL are in
losses. Steps are being taken by CIL to make loss making
mines profitable.
The major reasons for loss in these mines:
a. Non-productive manpower.
b. Age old / obsolete machines.
c. Geo-mining / Geo-technical problems in the mines.
d. Mines having age old problem of high spontaneous
heating, presence of water logged workings etc.
e. Unscientific / unplanned mining prior to
Nationalization.
f. Poor utilisation of machines
g. Industrial relation problem mostly in uneconomic
mines.
h. De-watering cost is very high in some of the mines.
The major steps required to revive loss making mines
into profitable entities are:
a. Phasing out of manual system of loading to
mechanize system mainly by introduction of Side
Discharge Loader (SDL) / Load Haul Dumper
(LHD)
b. Wherever geo-mining condition permits, mass
production technology is introduced.
c. Rationalization of manpower.
d. Efficiency improvement in underground and
opencast mines.
e. Re-organization of UG Transport System.
f. Improvement of equipment utilization.
g. Re-organization of mines.
h. Sorting out of problems through negotiation, thus
reducing 'Man Days' loss.
3. IMPROVEMENT OF EQUIPMENT
UTILIZATION
The production performance of mining equipment depends
on its availability and utilization. Hence it is necessary to
determine the percentage availability and utilization of
machinery with an aim to improve the same. Different
mines are following different terms and maintaining
different information. The only common information in
most of the mines is the working hours of SDL’s. There is a
need to develop proper feedback and to define terms, factors
and indices relating to mining equipment. These would
serve as management’s tool in improving performance.
These can also be used for inter-firm comparisons. To sum
up, there is a necessity to lay down on systematic basic, well
defined terms, factors and indices required for control and
management of mining equipment. For assessment and
analysis of the performance of equipment one must keep
proper and up- to-date records regarding the following
operational parameters. [3]
3.1. Total Shift Hours (TSH)
This means the total number of hours during the period of
observation. It is equal to 26*24*3=1872 hours in a quarter.
This can be further divided into Total Shift Hours,

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Scheduled Shift Hours, Machine Available Hours and
Machine Working Hours in a shift. Machine available hours
are further breakup into machine worked hours and machine
idle hours.
3.2. Scheduled Shift Hours (SSH)
This means number of hours, the mine employing the
machinery is supposed to work in a year. This is a
management’s decision after giving due consideration to the
production target, geo-mining conditions, the technical
parameters, capital investment involved, market conditions,
labour conditions etc. The higher the capital investment, the
higher should be the figure for scheduled- shift – hours. In
advanced countries equipment work very long shift hours
round the clock.
In India, the general tendency is to work effectively for 18
hours a day and six days a week. The mines under
consideration, the equipment are planned to work for three
shifts of eight hours each. Two hours per shift are for travel
time and preparation time. So the scheduled shift hours are
18 hours per day.
3.3. Machine Available Hours (MAH)
This means the number of hours, out of schedule shift hours;
a machine is available for work at a face. The maintenance
program dictates it. Technical department’s expertise and
availability of spares have bearings on this. This also
indicates how earnest and agile the management is to get
maintenance and spare supply departments.
3.4. Machine Worked Hours (MWH)
This information is very important as it reflects the
efficiency of coordination of various operations of
production departments. Lack of coordination may result in
machine being idle for want of blasted coal or matching
equipment etc. Difference between machine available hours
and actual hours of use measures the lapse of operating
department. Machine worked hours include idle hours which
are due to various delays.
4. INFLUENCING FACTORS AND INDICES
From the basic information collected, as above availability
and utilization factors both on schedule-shit-hours basis and
on machine-available – hours basis, production efficiency
and overall efficiency can be determined. In the following
paragraphs these factors and indices have been defined and
their importance exaggerated.
4.1. Percentage Availability (PA)
A machine is considered available when it is fit to be put to
perform its work, that is in working condition. The
availability is determined by dividing the hours the machine
is available and is used plus the hours it is available but not
used due to various reasons over a period of time. It is
normally expressed in percentages. Number of scheduled-
shift-hours in a period of time for equipment operation is
taken as total shift hours. Overtime hours of work if any are
added to the total shift hours. Stoppage of less than 15
minutes is ignored and the machine is taken as having been
used during that period.
Percentage availability helps in judging and comparing the
efficiency of the maintenance departments of different units.
This can also assist the management in knowing how the
availability of machine would change by changing the
scheduled shift hours of work. Percentage availability of
machine would change by changing the scheduled shift
hours of work.
Machine Available Hours
PA TSH = ------------------------------------
TSH
Machine Available Hours
PA SSH = ------------------------------------
SSH
4.2. Percentage Utilization (PU)
This is defined as the ratio of the time in hours the machine
is actually used in duration to the total hours. Here the
denominator, i.e. Total Shift hours can be either total
duration of Scheduled–Shift–Hours (SSH) or total Machine
Available Hours (MAH) in duration and depending upon
that the value of PU will change. As MAH is always less
than SSH, PU, based on MAH will be higher than PU based
on SSH. Similarly MWH is also always less than MAH and
SSH, thus PU based on MWH is definitely higher than PU
based on MAH and SSH.
Machine Working Hours
PUTSH = -----------------------------------
TSH
PUSSH = -----------------------------------
SSH
PUMAH = ----------------------------------
MAH
PUTSH is a measure of the planning and efficiency of
management
PUSSH reflected both maintenance and supervisory staff
efficiency, whereas value of
PUMAH indicated the enthusiasm and effectiveness of
operational staff alone.
4.3. Production Efficiency (Pe)
Actual Output
Production (Pe) = -------------------------------- x 100
Production efficiency Target output

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Figure of output may be for an hour or shift or a year. As a
matter of fact it is the product of equipment operating
efficiency and the job management efficiency. Here it is
necessary to mention something about equipment operating
efficiency and the job management efficiency. Equipment
operating efficiency is determined by the capacity at which
it is operating as compared to its rated capacity. Influencing
factors are within the equipment-sluggish behavior of
various systems and sub-systems, etc. Job management
efficiency is influenced by external and environment factors,
- working environment, human skill, etc. their values are
only empirical ones. Table 2, 3 and 4 give values of them
applicable in most of mining conditions.
Table 2 - Equipment operating efficiency
Equipment operating efficiency Remark
0.90 Excellent
0.80 Good
0.70 Average
0.60 Fair
0.50 Poor
Table 3 - Job management efficiency
Job management efficiency Remark
1.00 Excellent
0.90 Good
0.80 Average
0.70 Fair
0.60 Poor
Table 4 – Combined Efficiency Factor (Production
Efficiency)
Combined Efficiency Factor Remark
0.95 Excellent
0.85 Good
0.75 Average
0.65 Fair
0.55 Poor
When the SDL is operating as an independent unit such as
empty travel-spotting-loading-loaded travel-spotting-
unloading, the production efficiency is equal to equipment
efficiency. But when the SDL is part of a coal production
system both equipment operating efficiency and job
management efficiency are obviously to be considered.
4.4. Overall Efficiency (Oe)
It is the product of Utilization Factor on the basis of
Scheduled Shift Hours and Production Efficiency
Or, Oe = Pe x PUMAH
It is an overall performance measure and is the one in which
the top management is actually interested. A Manipulation
in Utilization factor by recording more operation time or in
production efficiency by recording less time cannot alter or
inflate the figure in Overall Efficiency.
5. ANALYSIS OF AVAILABILITY AND
UTILIZATION OF SDL
The details regarding working hours, repair hours, idle
hours, of SDL from various mines for a period of three
months have been collected and analyzed. The values for the
period are given in Table 5.
Table-5 Availability and Utilization of SDL
Parameters
Machine/Mine
SDL-1/01 SDL-1/02 SDL-1/03 SDL-1/04 SDL-1/05
Total Shift Hours (TSH) 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872
Scheduled Shift Hours (SSH) 1404 1404 1404 1404 1404
Machine Maintenance Hours (MMH) 213 224 198 183 230
Machine Breakdown Hours (MBH) 113 96 148 151 89
Machine Repair Hours (MRH) 102 90 131 129 139
Machine Available Hours (MAH) 1078 1084 1058 1070 1088
Machine Worked Hours (MWH) 849 908 809 781 946
Machine Idle Hours (MIH) 229 176 249 289 139
% Availability of TSH 57.58 57.90 56.51 57.15 57.95
% Availability of SSH 76.78 72.20 75.35 76.21 77.27
% Utilization of TSH 45.35 48.50 43.21 41.72 50.53
% Utilization of SSH 60.47 64.67 57.62 55.62 67.37
% Utilization of MAH 78.75 83.76 76.46 72.99 87.18
Target Production in Tonne 9750 9750 9750 9750 9750
Actual Production in Tonne 7530 7992 7251 6885 8737
Machine Productivity in Tonne 96.53 102.46 92.96 88.26 112.01
Production Efficiency 77.23 81.96 74.36 70.61 89.61
Overall Efficiency 68.85 73.31 66.12 63.11 78.49

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The percentage availability and utilization on TSH, SSH and
MAH basis for SDL, have been shown in Fig 2, and Fig 3
respectively.
Fig 4, Fig 5 and Fig 6, shows the SDL machine production
capacity, machine productivity and machine overall
efficiency.
The values of percentage availability and utilization of
SDL’s are given in Table-6.
The CIL Standards (C.M.P.D.I norms for Coal India
Limited) for those values have been given within brackets
for comparison purposes. Values with brackets indicate
C.I.L.norms.
Table 6 Comparison of percentage availability and
utilization with C.I.L standards
Equipment Availability on
SSH basis
Utilization on
SSH Basis
SDL-1/01 76.78 (80) 60.47 (70)
SDL-1/02 72.20 (80) 64.67 (70)
SDL-1/03 75.35 (80) 57.62 (70)
SDL-1/04 76.21 (80) 55.62 (70)
SDL-1/05 77.27 (80) 67.37 (70)
Table 7 gives the percentage of unscheduled hours,
unavailable hours, unutilized hours, utilized hours and
average value with respect to total shift hours.
Table 7. Percentage Distributions of total shift hours for three months
Parameters
Machine/Mine
SDL-1/01 SDL-1/02 SDL-1/03 SDL-1/04 SDL-1/05 Average
Unscheduled hours 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
Unavailable hours 17.41 17.09 18.48 17.84 17.04 17.57
Unutilized hours 12.24 9.41 13.31 15.44 7.43 11.57
Utilized hours 45.35 48.50 43.21 41.72 50.53 45.86
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Table 8 gives the percentage of Machine Maintenance Hours, Machine Breakdown Hours, Machine Worked Hours, Machine Idle
Hours and average value with respect to scheduled shift hours.

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Table 8. Percentage Distributions of scheduled shift hours for three months
Parameters
Machine/Mine
SDL-
1/01
SDL-
1/02
SDL-
1/03
SDL-
1/04
SDL-
1/05
Average
Machine Maintenance Hours (MMH) 15.17 15.95 14.10 13.03 16.38 14.92
Machine Breakdown Hours (MBH) 8.04 6.83 10.54 10.75 6.33 8.98
Machine Worked Hours (MWH) 60.47 64.67 57.62 55.62 67.37 61.15
Machine Idle Hours (MIH) 16.32 12.55 17.74 20.60 9.92 14.95
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Fig 7 and Fig 8, shows the percentage distribution of total shift hours and scheduled shift hours for the period.
6. DISCUSSION OF ANALYSIS
The results of the analysis show that the unscheduled hours
are very high since the equipment are scheduled only for six
hours in a shifts, that also include maintenance hours in
scheduled shift hours. The availability of the equipment is
very low compared to total shift hours where as availability
of the equipment on SSH basis is comparable with that of
CIL standards, but there is a wide gap between availability
and utilization of equipment. The percentage utilization of
machinery is far below normal. The productivity of SDL is
not upto the mark. Hence the management has to take steps
to improve the equipment utilization. There is improper
maintenance planning as reflected in the studies which
affects availability of machine by frequent breakdowns. It
can be also noted that there is lag between machine repair
hours and machine breakdown hours which indicate how
efficiently the management is attending the faults. Machine
unutilized hours is a major factor for low utilization when
sum up with unscheduled hours which shows the job
management efficiency. The production efficiency of
machines is noticeable and satisfactory but overall
efficiency is poor which suggests there is lack of team work.
7. SUGGESTIONS
The productivity of an underground coal mine is affected by
several factors. There is always scope for improvement
regarding productivity and overall effective use of
resources. This paper throws lights on the parameters
affecting the machine efficiency, productivity of mines and
manpower management. The following measures required to
be adopted to enhance SDL performance.
1. Effective working hours to be increased in a shift to
increase machine available hours and working hours.
From the analysis, if overlapping shift operation is
adopted, then availability increases by 25%, from
present 57.32% to 82.32%. Likewise machine
utilization can be increase to 72.43%.
2. Timely start of the face operation, if necessary the
shift timings of the machine crew and coal
preparation crew may be staggered to minimize
machine idle hours.
3. Scheduled maintenance of machine and adequate
provisions of trained manpower should be ensured to
minimize machine breakdown.
4. Where travel distance is excessive, introduction of
suitable man-riding system based on techno-
economics should be explored.
5. Compatibility and up-keep of out-by transport system
is vital to achieve production norms.
6. Evaluation of geo-mining conditions before
introduction of these machines especially seam
height in case of tub loading and nature of floor strata
is must.
7. Better organization of manpower and its management
to infuse team effort.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. CONCLUSION
Availability and utilization study is a known method to
measure performance of production equipment in
manufacturing industries and adapted for mining industry in
this paper. From the above studies various steps can be
taken to improve availability and utilization of SDL
machine so that its performance is better and productivity is
more. Given the above measures if practiced, Bord and
Pillar mining is certain to keep its “tryst with destiny” by
playing its role towards meeting the energy requirement of
the nation. The views expressed in this paper are solely of
the author and not necessarily of the organizations, where
the studies are undertaken.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the mine management and
former colleagues of first author for providing necessary
help for preparing this paper.
REFERENCES
[1]. Devi Prasad Mishra, Mamtesh Sugla, Prasun Singha
(2013): Productivity improvement in underground coal
mines – a case study, J. Sust. Min. Vol. 12 (2013), No. 3,
pp. 48–53
[2]. Reliability modelling and performance analyses of an
LHD system in mining by B. Samanta, B. Sarkar, and S.K.
Mukherjee (2004): The Journal of The South African
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, January/February 2004
[3]. M.E. Michael Arputharaj (2015): Studies on availability
and utilization of mining equipment-an overview, IJARET,
Volume 6, Issue-3, march-2015, pp. 14-21.
[4]. New Technology and Challenges for Underground Coal
Mining.[online] www.ibkmedia.com/userfiles/.../event_8-8-
3-50058b712259a.doc (May, 2013)
[5]. Kulshreshtha M., Parikh J.K. (2001): A study of
productivity in the Indian coal sector. Energy Policy 29(9),
pp. 701–713.
[6]. Sharma S.N., and Surana D.M., (1972): Analysis for
Performance Assessment and Performance Control of
Dipper Shovels used in Mines: Journal of Mines, Metals &
Fuels, August,1972.
BIOGRAPHIES
Sankha Sarkhel1
, B.E and M.Tech.
Mining Engineering. Lecturer,
Department of Mining Engineering,
BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India.
(1 Corresponding Author - +91-
9334015964,
sankhasarkhel@gmail.com)
Prof (Dr) U.K. Dey2
Professor and
Head, Department of Mining
Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad,
Jharkhand, India.

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