Above The Clause & Below The Cluase In Functional Grammar

In the name of Allah Most Merciful Most Beneficent

Above the Clause: Clause complex & Below the clause

Presented to: Sir Irfan Lodhi Presented by: Muhammad Sajid us Salam Mphil Linguistics Islamia University Bahawalpur [email_address]

Previous Knowledge Clause Co-ordinating clauses Subordinate clause Phrase Phrasal verb Word classes

Groups and Phrases Group Group is a combination of words built up on the basis of a particular logical relation. Phrase A phrase is different from a group in that , whereas a group is an expansion of a word, a phrase is a contraction of clause. The two have roughly the same status on the rank scale, as units that lie somewhere intermediate between clause and word.

Three main Classes of Group Nominal Group Verbal Group Adverbial Group

Other Classes of Group Prepositional Groups Conjunction Groups

Nominal Group Deictic Numerative Epithet Classifier Thing

Example Thing Classifier Epithet2 Epithet1 Numerative Deictic trains electric old splendid two those

Items functioning as Specific Deictic Whose(ever) ……………… [which person’s] My your our His her its Their One’s ............................................. [John’s ] [my father’s] etc Possessive Which(ever) What (ever) This that These those the Demonstrative Interrogative Determinative

Items functioning as non-specific deictic Some Any unrestricted some Two not one One either a(n) One Partial selective non- selective No (not any) Both all Each Every neither (not either) Total positive negative unmarked Non-singular Dual mass/plural Singular

Items functioning as Numerative Preceding subsequent etc First second third etc Next last Ordinative Few little[a bit of ] etc Several[ a number of ] Many much[ a lot of ] Fewer less more [The same amount of ] One two three etc [a couple of] etc [a quarter of] etc Quantative Indefinite definite

Epithet Epithet indicates some quality of the subset ,e.g. Long, old, blue, fast.This may be objective property of the thing itself;or it may be an expression of speaker’s subjective attitude towards it e.g. splendid, silly, fantastic

Classifier The classifier indicates a particular subclass of the thing in question e.g electric trains, passenger trains, wooden trains,toy trains. Sometime the same word may function as Epithet or as Classifier. Verb as Epithet a galloping horse ( a horse which is galloping) a bleeding nose ( a nose that is bleeding) Verb as Classifier a tied note

Head and Thing [look at] those two Head α Modifier β Numerative Deictic

Verbal Group The verbal group is the constituent that functions as Finite plus Predicator( or as Predicator alone if there is no finite element) in the mood structure( clause as exchange); and as process in the transitivity structure(clause as representation)In the clause someone’s been eating my porridge The verbal group is has been eating. A verbal group is the expansion of a verb as nominal group is the expansion of a noun Here eat is “ lexical verb” Has is “ finite verb” and been functions as auxiliary verb.

Couln’t have been going to be being eaten Event auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary finite

Phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are lexical verbs which consist of more than just the verb word itself. They are of two kinds, plus a third which is the combination of two: Verb adverb e.g look out , “ unearth, retrieve” Verb preposition e.g. look for “ seek” Verb+adverb+preposition e.g. look out for

Adverbial Group The adverbial group has an adverb as Head, which may or may not be accompanied by modifying elements.Premodfiers are grammatical elements like not and rather and so;there is no lexical premodification in the adverbial group.

Conjunction group Within the primary word class of adverbials , there is another class besides adverbs, namely conjunctions. They are generally linkers and continuatives. Conjunctions also form word groups by modification, for example even if , just as not until, if only,

nominals Noun adjective numeral determiner Common proper pronoun

Verbals verb preposition Lexical auxiliary finite

Adverbials conjunction adverb Linker binder continuative

Clause Complex Clauses combine together to form a clause complex. Traditionally , a series of related clauses make up the higher rank unit ‘ sentence’, but according to Halliday clauses combine to form a clause complex,they do not thereby create a new grammatical unit of higher rank.His position is that the sentence is not a unit of grammar , but a unit of English orthography, realizing the grammatical construction clause complex.

Rank Scale COMPLEXING clause clause clause clause group/phrase group/phrase Sentence clause complex

Taxis and Logico-semantic realtionships Taxis is concerned with the INTERDEPENDECY relations between grammatical units forming a clause complex. The two options within the system of TAXIS are those of PARATAXIS AND HYPOTAXIS, categories which relate to ( but are not identical with) traditional notions of co-ordination and subordination, respectively.If the units in a complelx are of equal status, the relation between them is Paratactic one ;if the units are of unequal status, the relation is hypotactic one.

Examples of Paractactic relation He looked terrible; ׀׀ his clothes were crumpled and dirty. Miriam was somewhat scared by the wind, ׀׀ but the lads enjoed it. He hated her, ׀׀ for she seemed in some way to make him despise himself. He replied quickly, ׀׀ “ I can’t complain.”

Hypotatic Relation Who was an ear,nose and throat specialist. apart from visiting his sister in York once a month. when you sit there in your rocking chair that there was no possiblity of a new lease. They spoke to Dr Liu, The man rarely left the village I can do my best things He explained Dependent ( β ) Dominant( α )

Logico-semantic type Expansion Projection

Expansion There various logico-sementic relations included as expanding relations are of three main kinds: Elaboration Extention Enhacement

Elaboration (=) The elaborating relation is symbolized in the notation with an “ equals” sign.IN a paratactic clause elaborating complex an initial clause is restated, exemplified or further specified by another.There is no over linker between the clauses apart from a colon or semi-colon in a written text: He looked a fright; ׀׀ his clothes were damp, dirty and torn. 1 =2 She didn’t like the chararcter she was playing; ׀׀ she hated her self-confidence.

Hypotectic Elaborating complex They were now in the bare country of stone walls, ׀׀ which he loved. The accident lef him with two broken front teeth, ׀׀ which was such a shame

Extension (+) The basic meanings of the extending relation are those of addition or variation. The extending relation combines most frequently with parataxis, being realized most typically by the conjunctions and, nor , but, and or For example: The beef animal is the buffalo ׀׀ and its meat is suprisingly is tender. The idea of relativity did not orginate with Einstein, ׀׀ but [it] goes back to Newton

Enhancement( ) The meaning included enhancement are those of time,place,manner, cause and condition, which can also be expressed as circumstances within the clause: John was scared, ׀׀ so he ran away. They dried their clothes ׀׀ by hanging them on branches in the wind.

Projection Projection typically concerns the relation between a mental or a verbal clause and the content which it quotes or reports. A paratactic relation holds when one clause reports another (direct speech/though) and hypotactic relation when one clause reports another ( indirect speech/thought). Projection through verbal clause is locution symbolized by (’’) notation, while projection through mental clause is an idea notated as (’)

Examples Projecting clause locution His aunt told him ( that ) he should write home more frequently. His aunt told him to write home at lest once a month. His aunt told him not to forget Projecting Clause Idea His aunt wishes that he would write home more regularly. His aunt would have liked him to write home regularly. His aunt expected him to forget

Questions How many relationships are there between clauses? Answer : Two 1) Taxis 2) Logicosemantic type

QuestionNo 2 What are the two types of Taxis? Answer: Paratactic Hypotactic

Question #3 What two types of logico-semantic relationship have been discussed. Answer: Expansion Projection

Question# 4 We express the relationship of extension by the following symbol? + = - * Answer: +

Question# 5 The following sentence is the example of ........ His aunt told him that he should write home. Locution Idea Extension Hypotactic Answer: Locution

Question#6 How many groups have been discussed in the presentation? 3 4 5 6 Answer: 5

Question#7 Deictic belongs to ………………group. Nominal Verbal Adverbial Conjunction Answer: Nominal

Question#8 Event is the part of adverbial group True False Answer: False

Question#9 Can verb function as Classifier Yes No Don’t know Maybe Answer Yes

Question# 10 What is most important element in a group Thing Head Verb Subject Answer Head

Above The Clause & Below The Cluase In Functional Grammar

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked (9)

Similar to Above The Clause & Below The Cluase In Functional Grammar (20)

More from Dr. Cupid Lucid (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Above The Clause & Below The Cluase In Functional Grammar